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VO2max
Description
Maximum oxygen consumption, VO2max, is and index of cardiorespiratory fitness, measured by spiroergometry on human and animal organisms capable of controlled physical exercise performance on a treadmill or cycle ergometer. VO2max is the maximum respiration of an organism, expressed as the volume of O2 at STPD consumed per unit of time per individual object [mL.min-1.x-1]. If normalized per body mass of the individual object, M [kg.x-1], mass specific maximum oxygen consumption, VO2max/M, is expressed in units [mL.min-1.kg-1].
Abbreviation: VO2max; VO2max/M
Reference: Oxygen flux
Events on mitObesity
- 2023 Jun 06: » Health Innovation Summit 2023 Vienna AT
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Healthy reference population | Body mass excess | BFE | BME cutoffs | BMI | H | M | VO2max | mitObesity drugs |
Communicated by Gnaiger Erich 2020-02-22 in: Catastrophe XXX XXX-mass Carol on BME and mitObesity of X-mass Carol
VO2max and body mass excess
Conversion to SI units
- VO2max/M [mL O2∙min-1∙kg-1]: The conventional spiroergometric units are based on volume of O2, considering that external respiration involves ventilation of a volume of gas. However, the actual volume of air ventilated is different, taking into account the fraction of oxygen in humid air at the actual temperature, versus the volume of oxygen gas at STPD.
- JO2max/M [µmol O2∙s-1∙kg-1]: For connecting spiroergometry to cell metabolism, the volume of oxygen gas, VO2(g) [mL], has to be converted into an amount of dissolved oxygen, nO2(aq) [µmol].
- For conversion from VO2max(M units [[mL.min-1.kg-1]] to SI units of amount of oxygen consumed, VO2max/M is multiplied by the conversion factor of 0.744 to obtain JO2max/M [µmol O2∙s-1.x-1].
- VO2max/M [mL O2∙min-1∙kg-1]: The conventional spiroergometric units are based on volume of O2, considering that external respiration involves ventilation of a volume of gas. However, the actual volume of air ventilated is different, taking into account the fraction of oxygen in humid air at the actual temperature, versus the volume of oxygen gas at STPD.
- 1 mL O2∙min-1∙kg-1 (at STPD) ∙ [1000 µmol∙(22.392 mL)-1] ∙ [1 min∙(60 s)-1] = 0.744 µmol O2∙s-1∙kg-1
References: VO2max
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| Year | Reference | Organism | Tissue;cell | Stress | Diseases | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Martino 2024 Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab | 2024 | Martino MR, Habibi M, Ferguson D, Brookheart RT, Thyfault JP, Meyer GA, Lantier L, Hughey CC, Finck BN (2024) Disruption of hepatic mitochondrial pyruvate and amino acid metabolism impairs gluconeogenesis and endurance exercise capacity in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 326:E515-27. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00258.2023 | Mouse | Skeletal muscle Liver | ||
| Calabria 2023 Biomedicines | 2023 | Calabria E, Muollo V, Cavedon V, Capovin T, Saccenti L, Passarotti F, Ghiotto L, Milanese C, Gelati M, Rudi D, Salvagno GL, Lippi G, Tam E, Schena F, Pogliaghi S (2023) Type 2 diabetes related mitochondrial defects in peripheral mononucleated blood cells from overweight postmenopausal women. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11010121 | Human | Blood cells | Diabetes | |
| Hadanny 2022 Sports Med Open | 2022 | Hadanny A, Hachmo Y, Rozali D, Catalogna M, Yaakobi E, Sova M, Gattegno H, Abu Hamed R, Lang E, Polak N, Friedman M, Finci S, Zemel Y, Bechor Y, Gal N, Efrati S (2022) Effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on mitochondrial respiration and physical performance in middle-aged athletes: a blinded, randomized controlled trial. | Human | Skeletal muscle | ||
| Mendham 2021 Diabetologia | 2021 | Mendham AE, Goedecke JH, Zeng Y, Larsen S, George C, Hauksson J, Fortuin-de Smidt MC, Chibalin AV, Olsson T, Chorell E (2021) Exercise training improves mitochondrial respiration and is associated with an altered intramuscular phospholipid signature in women with obesity. Diabetologia 64:1642-59. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Obesity | |
| Pühringer 2021 High Alt Med Biol | 2021 | Pühringer R, Gatterer H, Berger M, Said M, Faulhaber M, Burtscher M (2021) Does moderate altitude affect VO2max in acclimatized mountain guides? High Alt Med Biol doi: 10.1089/ham.2021.0081 | Human | Hypoxia | ||
| Hoffmann 2020 J Clin Endocrinol Metab | 2020 | Hoffmann C, Schneeweiss P, Randrianarisoa E, Schnauder G, Kappler L, Machann J, Schick F, Fritsche A, Heni M, Birkenfeld A, Niess AM, Häring HU, Weigert C, Moller A (2020) Response of mitochondrial respiration in adipose tissue and muscle to 8 weeks of endurance exercise in obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105:dgaa571. | Human | Skeletal muscle Fat | Obesity | |
| Caspi 2020 J Am Heart Assoc | 2020 | Caspi T, Straw S, Cheng C, Garnham JO, Scragg JL, Smith J, Koshy AO, Levelt E, Sukumar P, Gierula J, Beech DJ, Kearney MT, Cubbon RM, Wheatcroft SB, Witte KK, Roberts LD, Bowen TS (2020) Unique transcriptome signature distinguishes patients with heart failure with myopathy. J Am Heart Assoc 9:e017091. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.017091 | Human | Heart Skeletal muscle | Cardiovascular Myopathy | |
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| Murthy 2020 JAMA Cardiol | 2020 | Murthy VL, Xia R, Baldridge AS, Carnethon MR, Sidney S, Bouchard C, Sarzynski MA, Lima JAC, Lewis GD, Shah SJ, Fornage M, Shah RV (2020) Polygenic risk, fitness, and obesity in the Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults (CARDIA) study. JAMA Cardiol 5:40-8. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.5220 | Human | Cardiovascular Obesity | ||
| Cardinale 2019 Front Physiol | 2019 | Cardinale DA, Larsen FJ, Lännerström J, Manselin T, Södergård O, Mijwel S, Lindholm P, Ekblom B, Boushel R (2019) Influence of hyperoxic-supplemented high-intensity interval training on hemotological and muscle mitochondrial adaptations in trained cyclists. Front Physiol 10:730. | Human | Skeletal muscle | ||
| Hunter 2019 J Appl Physiol | 2019 | Hunter GR, Moellering DR, Windham ST, Mathis SL, Bamman MM, Fisher G (2019) Relationship between V̇o2peak, cycle economy, and mitochondrial respiration in untrained/trained. J Appl Physiol 127:1562-8. | Human | Skeletal muscle | ||
| Hunter 2019 J Appl Physiol (1985) | 2019 | Hunter GR, Moellering DR, Windham ST, Mathis SL, Bamman MM, Fisher G (2019) Relationship between VO2max, cycle economy & mitochondrial respiration in untrained/trained. J Appl Physiol (1985) 127:1562-68. | Human | Skeletal muscle | ||
| Chroeis 2019 Eur J Sport Sci | 2019 | Chrøis KM, Dohlmann TL, Søgaard D, Hansen CV, Dela F, Helge JW, Larsen S (2019) Mitochondrial adaptations to high intensity interval training in older females and males. Eur J Sport Sci 20:135-45. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Aging;senescence | |
| Cardinale 2018 Front Physiol | 2018 | Cardinale DA, Larsen FJ, Schiffer TA, Morales-Alamo D, Ekblom B, Calbet JAL, Holmberg HC, Boushel R (2018) Superior intrinsic mitochondrial respiration in women than in men. Front Physiol 9:1133. | Human | Skeletal muscle | ||
| Robach 2018 Scand J Med Sci Sports | 2018 | Robach P, Hansen J, Pichon A, Meinild Lundby AK, Dandanell S, Slettaløkken Falch G, Hammarström D, Pesta DH, Siebenmann C, Keiser S, Kérivel P, Whist JE, Rønnestad BR, Lundby C (2018) Hypobaric live high-train low does not improve aerobic performance more than live low-train low in cross-country skiers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 28:1636-52. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Hypoxia | |
| Gonzalez-Freire 2018 Aging Cell | 2018 | Gonzalez-Freire M, Scalzo P, D'Agostino J, Moore ZA, Diaz-Ruiz A, Fabbri E, Zane A, Chen B, Becker KG, Lehrmann E, Zukley L, Chia CW, Tanaka T, Coen PM, Bernier M, de Cabo R, Ferrucci L (2018) Skeletal muscle ex vivo mitochondrial respiration parallels decline in vivo oxidative capacity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and muscle strength: the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. Aging Cell 17. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Aging;senescence | |
| Distefano 2018 J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle | 2018 | Distefano G, Standley RA, Zhang X, Carnero EA, Yi F, Cornnell HH, Coen PM (2018) Physical activity unveils the relationship between mitochondrial energetics, muscle quality, and physical function in older adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 9:279-94. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Aging;senescence | |
| Allard 2018 J Clin Endocrinol Metab | 2018 | Allard NAE, Schirris TJJ, Verheggen RJ, Russel FGM, Rodenburg RJ, Smeitink JAM, Thompson PD, Hopman MTE, Timmers S (2018) Statins affect skeletal muscle performance: evidence for disturbances in energy metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 103:75-84. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Myopathy | |
| Lund 2018 Acta Physiol (Oxf) | 2018 | Lund MT, Larsen S, Hansen M, Courraud J, Floyd AK, Støckel M, Helge JW, Dela F (2018) Mitochondrial respiratory capacity remains stable despite a comprehensive and sustained increase in insulin sensitivity in obese patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 223:e13032. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Diabetes Obesity | |
| Mondal 2017 J Clin Diagn Res | 2017 | Mondal H, Mishra SP (2017) Effect of BMI, body fat percentage and fat free mass on maximal oxygen consumption in healthy young adults. J Clin Diagn Res 11:CC17-20. | Human | Obesity | ||
| Wu 2017 Sci Rep | 2017 | Wu LH, Chang SC, Fu TC, Huang CH, Wang JS (2017) High-intensity interval training improves mitochondrial function and suppresses thrombin generation in platelets undergoing hypoxic stress. Sci Rep 7:4191. | Human | Blood cells Platelet | Hypoxia | |
| Goedecke 2017 JMIR Res Protoc | 2017 | Goedecke JH, Mendham AE, Clamp L, Nono Nankam PA, Fortuin-de Smidt MC, Phiri L, Micklesfield LK, Keswell D, Woudberg NJ, Lecour S, Alhamud A, Kaba M, Lutomia FM, van Jaarsveld PJ, de Villiers A, Kahn SE, Chorell E, Hauksson J, Olsson T (2017) An exercise intervention to unravel the mechanisms underlying insulin resistance in a cohort of black South African women: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Res Protoc 03/10/2017:9098. | Human | Skeletal muscle Fat | Diabetes Obesity | |
| Lalia 2017 Aging (Albany NY) | 2017 | Lalia AZ, Dasari S, Robinson MM, Abid H, Morse DM, Klaus KA, Lanza IR (2017) Influence of omega-3 fatty acids on skeletal muscle protein metabolism and mitochondrial bioenergetics in older adults. Aging (Albany NY) 9:1096-1129. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Aging;senescence | |
| Asping 2017 Eur J Clin Pharmacol | 2017 | Asping M, Stride N, Søgaard D, Dohlmann TL, Helge JW, Dela F, Larsen S (2017) The effects of 2 weeks of statin treatment on mitochondrial respiratory capacity in middle-aged males: the LIFESTAT study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 73:679-87. | Human | |||
| Nabben 2017 Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol | 2017 | Nabben M, Schmitz JP, Ciapaite J, Le Clercq CM, van Riel NA, Haak HR, Nicolay K, de Coo IF, Smeets HJ, Praet SF, van Loon LJ, Prompers JJ (2017) Dietary nitrate does not reduce oxygen cost of exercise or improve muscle mitochondrial function in mitochondrial myopathy patients. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 312:689-701. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Myopathy | |
| Kenny 2017 Diabetologia | 2017 | Kenny HC, Rudwill F, Breen L, Salanova M, Blottner D, Heise T, Heer M, Blanc S, O'Gorman DJ (2017) Bed rest and resistive vibration exercise unveil novel links between skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and insulin resistance. Diabetologia 60:1491-501. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Diabetes | |
| Greggio 2017 Cell Metab | 2017 | Greggio C, Jha P, Kulkarni SS, Lagarrigue S, Broskey NT, Boutant M, Wang X, Alonso SC, Ofori E, Auwerx J, Cantó C, Amati F (2017) Enhanced respiratory chain supercomplex formation in response to exercise in human skeletal muscle. Cell Metab 25:301-11. | Human | Skeletal muscle | ||
| Tam 2016 Eur J Appl Physiol | 2016 | Tam E, Bruseghini P, Calabria E, Sacco LD, Doria C, Grassi B, Pietrangelo T, Pogliaghi S, Reggiani C, Salvadego D, Schena F, Toniolo L, Verratti V, Vernillo G, Capelli C (2016) Gokyo Khumbu/Ama Dablam Trek 2012: effects of physical training and high-altitude exposure on oxidative metabolism, muscle composition, and metabolic cost of walking in women. Eur J Appl Physiol 116:129-44. | Human | Skeletal muscle | ||
| Gifford 2016 J Physiol | 2016 | Gifford JR, Garten RS, Nelson AD, Trinity JD, Layec G, Witman MA, Weavil JC, Mangum T, Hart C, Etheredge C, Jessop J, Bledsoe A, Morgan DE, Wray DW, Richardson RS (2016) Symmorphosis and skeletal muscle VO2max: in vivo and in vitro measures reveal differing constraints in the exercise-trained and untrained human. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP271229 | Human | Skeletal muscle | ||
| Salvadego 2016 J Appl Physiol (1985) | 2016 | Salvadego D, Keramidas ME, Brocca L, Domenis R, Mavelli I, Rittweger J, Eiken O, Mekjavic IB, Grassi B (2016) Separate and combined effects of a 10-d exposure to hypoxia and inactivity on oxidative function in vivo and mitochondrial respiration ex vivo in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 121:154-63. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Cryopreservation Hypoxia | |
| Johnson 2016 Diabetes | 2016 | Johnson ML, Distelmaier K, Lanza IR, Irving BA, Robinson MM, Konopka AR, Shulman GI, Nair KS (2016) Mechanism by which caloric restriction improves insulin sensitivity in sedentary obese adults. Diabetes 65:74-84. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Diabetes Obesity | |
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| Spendiff 2016 J Physiol | 2016 | Spendiff S, Vuda M, Gouspillou G, Aare S, Perez A, Morais JA, Jagoe RT, Filion ME, Glicksman R, Kapchinsky S, MacMillan NJ, Pion CH, Aubertin-Leheudre M, Hettwer S, Correa JA, Taivassalo T, Hepple RT (2016) Denervation drives mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle of octogenarians. J Physiol 594:7361-79. | Human Mouse | Skeletal muscle | Permeability transition | Aging;senescence Myopathy |
| Gemmink 2016 Diabetologia | 2016 | Gemmink A, Bosma M, Kuijpers HJ, Hoeks J, Schaart G, van Zandvoort MA, Schrauwen P, Hesselink MK (2016) Decoration of intramyocellular lipid droplets with PLIN5 modulates fasting-induced insulin resistance and lipotoxicity in humans. Diabetologia 59:1040-8. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Diabetes | |
| Gnaiger 2015 Scand J Med Sci Sports | 2015 | Gnaiger E, Boushel R, Søndergaard H, Munch-Andersen T, Damsgaard R, Hagen C, Díez-Sánchez C, Ara I, Wright-Paradis C, Schrauwen P, Hesselink M, Calbet JAL, Christiansen M, Helge JW, Saltin B (2015) Mitochondrial coupling and capacity of oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle of Inuit and caucasians in the arctic winter. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12612 | Human | Skeletal muscle | Temperature | |
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| Ludzki 2015 Diabetes | 2015 | Ludzki A, Paglialunga S, Smith BK, Herbst EA, Allison MK, Heigenhauser GJ, Neufer PD, Holloway GP (2015) Rapid repression of ADP transport by palmitoyl-CoA is attenuated by exercise training in humans; a potential mechanism to decrease oxidative stress and improve skeletal muscle insulin signaling. Diabetes 64:2769-79. | Human Mouse | Skeletal muscle | Diabetes | |
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| Van de Weijer 2015 Diabetes | 2015 | van de Weijer T, Phielix E, Bilet L, Williams EG, Ropelle ER, Bierwagen A, Livingstone R, Nowotny P, Sparks LM, Paglialunga S, Szendroedi J, Havekes B, Moullan N, Pirinen E, Hwang JH, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Hesselink MK, Auwerx J, Roden M, Schrauwen P (2015) Evidence for a direct effect of the NAD+ precursor acipimox on muscle mitochondrial function in humans. Diabetes 64:1193-201. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Diabetes | |
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| Phielix 2012 Diabetes | 2012 | Phielix E, Meex R, Ouwens DM, Sparks LM, Hoeks J, Schaart G, Moonen-Kornips E, Hesselink MK, Schrauwen P (2012) High oxidative capacity due to chronic exercise training attenuates lipid-induced insulin resistance. Diabetes 61:2472-8. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Mitochondrial disease | Diabetes |
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| Daussin 2008 Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol | 2008 | Daussin FN, Zoll J, Dufour SP, Ponsot E, Lonsdorfer-Wolf E, Doutreleau S, Mettauer B, Piquard F, Geny B, Richard R (2008) Effect of interval versus continuous training on cardiorespiratory and mitochondrial functions: relationship to aerobic performance improvements in sedentary subjects. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 295:R264-72. | Human | Skeletal muscle | ||
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| N'Guessan 2004 Mol Cell Biochem | 2004 | N'Guessan B, Zoll J, Ribera F, Ponsot E, Lampert E, Ventura-Clapier R, Veksler V, Mettauer B (2004) Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative aspects of mitochondrial function in human skeletal and cardiac muscles. Mol Cell Biochem 256-257:267-80. | Human | Skeletal muscle | ||
| Rasmussen 2003 Eur J Physiol | 2003 | Rasmussen UF, Krustrup P, Kjaer M, Rasmussen HN (2003) Human skeletal muscle mitochondrial metabolism in youth and senescence: no signs of functional changes in ATP formation and mitochondrial oxidative capacity. Pflugers Arch – Eur J Physiol 446:270-78. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Aging;senescence | |
| Kayser 2003 Eur J Appl Physiol | 2003 | Kayser B (2003) Exercise starts and ends in the brain. Eur J Appl Physiol 90:411–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-0902-7 | Human | Skeletal muscle Nervous system | Hypoxia | |
| Zoll 2002 J Physiol | 2002 | Zoll J, Sanchez H, N'Guessan B, Ribera F, Lampert E, Bigard X, Surrurier B, Fortin D, Geny B, Veksler V, Ventura-Clapier R, Mettauer B (2002) Physical activity changes the regulation of mitochondrial respiration in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 543:191-200. | Human | Skeletal muscle | ||
| Echaniz-Laguna 2002 Ann Neurol | 2002 | Echaniz-Laguna A, Zoll J, Ribera F, Tranchant C, Warter JM, Lonsdorfer J, Lampert E (2002) Mitochondrial respiratory chain function in skeletal muscle of ALS patients. Ann Neurol 52:623-7. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Neurodegenerative | |
| Mettauer 2001 J Am Coll Cardiol | 2001 | Mettauer B, Zoll J, Sanchez H, Lampert E, Ribera F, Veksler V, Bigard X, Mateo P, Epailly E, Lonsdorfer J, Ventura-Clapier R (2001) Oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle in heart failure patients versus sedentary or active control subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 38:947-54. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Cardiovascular | |
| Rasmussen 2001 Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab | 2001 | Rasmussen UF, Rasmussen HN, Krustrup P, Quistorff B, Saltin B, Bangsbo J (2001) Aerobic metabolism of human quadriceps muscle: in vivo data parallel measurements on isolated mitochondria. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280:E301-7. | Human | Skeletal muscle | ||
| Wei 1999 JAMA | 1999 | Wei M, Kampert JB, Barlow CE, Nichaman MZ, Gibbons LW, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Blair SN (1999) Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men. JAMA 282:1547-53. | Human | Cardiovascular Diabetes Obesity | ||
| Favier 1995 J Appl Physiol (1985) | 1995 | Favier R, Spielvogel H, Desplanches D, Ferretti G, Kayser B, Grünenfelder A, Leuenberger M, Tüscher L, Caceres E, Hoppeler H (1995) Training in hypoxia vs. training in normoxia in high-altitude natives. J Appl Physiol (1985) 78:2286-93. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1995.78.6.2286 | Human | Skeletal muscle | Hypoxia | Cardiovascular |
| Di Prampero 1990 Respir Physiol | 1990 | Di Prampero PE, Ferretti G (1990) Factors limiting maximal oxygen consumption in humans. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-5687(90)90075-a | Human | Hypoxia |
References: BME and VO2max
- » VO2max
| Reference | |
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| Bakkman 2007 ActaPhysiol | Bakkman L, Sahlin K, Holmberg HC, Tonkonogi M (2007) Quantitative and qualitative adaptation of human skeletal muscle mitochondria to hypoxic compared with normoxic training at the same relative work rate. Acta Physiol (Oxford) 190:243–51. |
| Boushel 2007 Diabetologia | Boushel RC, Gnaiger E, Schjerling P, Skovbro M, Kraunsoee R, Dela F (2007) Patients with Type 2 diabetes have normal mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. Diabetologia 50:790-6. |
| Chambers 2020 J Appl Physiol (1985) | Chambers TL, Burnett TR, Raue U, Lee GA, Finch WH, Graham BM, Trappe TA, Trappe S (2020) Skeletal muscle size, function, and adiposity with lifelong aerobic exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 128:368–78. |
| Daussin 2008 Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol | Daussin FN, Zoll J, Dufour SP, Ponsot E, Lonsdorfer-Wolf E, Doutreleau S, Mettauer B, Piquard F, Geny B, Richard R (2008) Effect of interval versus continuous training on cardiorespiratory and mitochondrial functions: relationship to aerobic performance improvements in sedentary subjects. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 295:R264-72. |
| Garnier 2005 FASEB J | Garnier A, Fortin D, Zoll J, N'Guessan B, Mettauer B, Lampert E, Veksler V, Ventura-Clapier R (2005) Coordinated changes in mitochondrial function and biogenesis in healthy and diseased human skeletal muscle. FASEB J 19:43-52. |
| Gnaiger 2015 Scand J Med Sci Sports | Gnaiger E, Boushel R, Søndergaard H, Munch-Andersen T, Damsgaard R, Hagen C, Díez-Sánchez C, Ara I, Wright-Paradis C, Schrauwen P, Hesselink M, Calbet JAL, Christiansen M, Helge JW, Saltin B (2015) Mitochondrial coupling and capacity of oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle of Inuit and caucasians in the arctic winter. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12612 |
| Gnaiger 2019 MiP2019 |  |
| Loe 2013 PLOS ONE | Loe H, Rognmo Ø, Saltin B, Wisløff U (2013) Aerobic capacity reference data in 3816 healthy men and women 20-90 years. PLOS ONE 8:e64319. |
| Mettauer 2001 J Am Coll Cardiol | Mettauer B, Zoll J, Sanchez H, Lampert E, Ribera F, Veksler V, Bigard X, Mateo P, Epailly E, Lonsdorfer J, Ventura-Clapier R (2001) Oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle in heart failure patients versus sedentary or active control subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 38:947-54. |
| Mogensen 2006 J Physiol | Mogensen M, Bagger M, Pedersen PK, Fernström M, Sahlin K (2006) Cycling efficiency in humans is related to low UCP3 content and to type I fibres but not to mitochondrial efficiency. J Physiol 571:669-81. |
| N'Guessan 2004 Mol Cell Biochem | N'Guessan B, Zoll J, Ribera F, Ponsot E, Lampert E, Ventura-Clapier R, Veksler V, Mettauer B (2004) Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative aspects of mitochondrial function in human skeletal and cardiac muscles. Mol Cell Biochem 256-257:267-80. |
| Pesta 2011 Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol | Pesta D, Hoppel F, Macek C, Messner H, Faulhaber M, Kobel C, Parson W, Burtscher M, Schocke M, Gnaiger E (2011) Similar qualitative and quantitative changes of mitochondrial respiration following strength and endurance training in normoxia and hypoxia in sedentary humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301:R1078–87. |
| Ponsot 2006 J Appl Physiol (1985) | Ponsot E, Dufour SP, Zoll J, Doutrelau S, N'Guessan B, Geny B, Hoppeler H, Lampert E, Mettauer B, Ventura-Clapier R, Richard R (2006) Exercise training in normobaric hypoxia in endurance runners. II. Improvement of mitochondrial properties in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 100:1249-57. |
| Pribis 2010 Nutrients | Pribis P, Burtnack CA, McKenzie SO, Thayer J (2010) Trends in body fat, body mass index and physical fitness among male and female college students. Nutrients 2:1075-85. |
| Raboel 2009 Diabetes Obes Metab | Raboel R, Hojberg PM, Almdal T, Boushel RC, Haugaard SB, Madsbad S, Dela F (2009) Improved glycaemic control decreases inner mitochondrial membrane leak in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 11:355-60. |
| Rasmussen 2001 Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab | Rasmussen UF, Rasmussen HN, Krustrup P, Quistorff B, Saltin B, Bangsbo J (2001) Aerobic metabolism of human quadriceps muscle: in vivo data parallel measurements on isolated mitochondria. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280:E301-7. |
| Rasmussen 2003 Eur J Physiol | Rasmussen UF, Krustrup P, Kjaer M, Rasmussen HN (2003) Human skeletal muscle mitochondrial metabolism in youth and senescence: no signs of functional changes in ATP formation and mitochondrial oxidative capacity. Pflugers Arch – Eur J Physiol 446:270-78. |
| Zoll 2002 J Physiol | Zoll J, Sanchez H, N'Guessan B, Ribera F, Lampert E, Bigard X, Surrurier B, Fortin D, Geny B, Veksler V, Ventura-Clapier R, Mettauer B (2002) Physical activity changes the regulation of mitochondrial respiration in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 543:191-200. |
MitoPedia: BME and mitObesity
» Body mass excess and mitObesity | BME and mitObesity news | Summary |
| Term | Abbreviation | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BME cutoff points | BME cutoff | Obesity is defined as a disease associated with an excess of body fat with respect to a healthy reference condition. Cutoff points for body mass excess, BME cutoff points, define the critical values for underweight (-0.1 and -0.2), overweight (0.2), and various degrees of obesity (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and above). BME cutoffs are calibrated by crossover-points of BME with established BMI cutoffs. |
| Body fat excess | BFE | In the healthy reference population (HRP), there is zero body fat excess, BFE, and the fraction of excess body fat in the HRP is expressed - by definition - relative to the reference body mass, M°, at any given height. Importantly, body fat excess, BFE, and body mass excess, BME, are linearly related, which is not the case for the body mass index, BMI. |
| Body mass | m [kg]; M [kg·x-1] | The body mass M is the mass (kilogram [kg]) of an individual (object) [x] and is expressed in units [kg/x]. Whereas the body weight changes as a function of gravitational force (you are weightless at zero gravity; your floating weight in water is different from your weight in air), your mass is independent of gravitational force, and it is the same in air and water. |
| Body mass excess | BME | The body mass excess, BME, is an index of obesity and as such BME is a lifestyle metric. The BME is a measure of the extent to which your actual body mass, M [kg/x], deviates from M° [kg/x], which is the reference body mass [kg] per individual [x] without excess body fat in the healthy reference population, HRP. A balanced BME is BME° = 0.0 with a band width of -0.1 towards underweight and +0.2 towards overweight. The BME is linearly related to the body fat excess. |
| Body mass index | BMI | The body mass index, BMI, is the ratio of body mass to height squared (BMI=M·H-2), recommended by the WHO as a general indicator of underweight (BMI<18.5 kg·m-2), overweight (BMI>25 kg·m-2) and obesity (BMI>30 kg·m-2). Keys et al (1972; see 2014) emphasized that 'the prime criterion must be the relative independence of the index from height'. It is exactly the dependence of the BMI on height - from children to adults, women to men, Caucasians to Asians -, which requires adjustments of BMI-cutoff points. This deficiency is resolved by the body mass excess relative to the healthy reference population. |
| Comorbidity | Comorbidities are common in obesogenic lifestyle-induced early aging. These are preventable, non-communicable diseases with strong associations to obesity. In many studies, cause and effect in the sequence of onset of comorbidities remain elusive. Chronic degenerative diseases are commonly obesity-induced. The search for the link between obesity and the etiology of diverse preventable diseases lead to the hypothesis, that mitochondrial dysfunction is the common mechanism, summarized in the term 'mitObesity'. | |
| Healthy reference population | HRP | A healthy reference population, HRP, establishes the baseline for the relation between body mass and height in healthy people of zero underweight or overweight, providing a reference for evaluation of deviations towards underweight or overweight and obesity. The WHO Child Growth Standards (WHO-CGS) on height and body mass refer to healthy girls and boys from Brazil, Ghana, India, Norway, Oman and the USA. The Committee on Biological Handbooks compiled data on height and body mass of healthy males from infancy to old age (USA), published before emergence of the fast-food and soft-drink epidemic. Four allometric phases are distinguished with distinct allometric exponents. At heights above 1.26 m/x the allometric exponent is 2.9, equal in women and men, and significantly different from the exponent of 2.0 implicated in the body mass index, BMI [kg/m2]. |
| Height of humans | h [m]; H [m·x-1] | The height of humans, h, is given in SI units in meters [m]. Humans are countable objects, and the symbol and unit of the number of objects is N [x]. The average height of N objects is, H = h/N [m/x], where h is the heights of all N objects measured on top of each other. Therefore, the height per human has the unit [m·x-1] (compare body mass [kg·x-1]). Without further identifyer, H is considered as the standing height of a human, measured without shoes, hair ornaments and heavy outer garments. |
| Length | l [m] | Length l is an SI base quantity with SI base unit meter m. Quantities derived from length are area A [m2] and volume V [m3]. Length is an extensive quantity, increasing additively with the number of objects. The term 'height' h is used for length in cases of vertical position (see height of humans). Length of height per object, LUX [m·x-1] is length per unit-entity UX, in contrast to lentgth of a system, which may contain one or many entities, such as the length of a pipeline assembled from a number NX of individual pipes. Length is a quantity linked to direct sensory, practical experience, as reflected in terms related to length: long/short (height: tall/small). Terms such as 'long/short distance' are then used by analogy in the context of the more abstract quantity time (long/short duration). |
| MitObesity drugs | Bioactive mitObesity compounds are drugs and nutraceuticals with more or less reproducible beneficial effects in the treatment of diverse preventable degenerative diseases implicated in comorbidities linked to obesity, characterized by common mechanisms of action targeting mitochondria. | |
| Obesity | Obesity is a disease resulting from excessive accumulation of body fat. In common obesity (non-syndromic obesity) excessive body fat is due to an obesogenic lifestyle with lack of physical exercise ('couch') and caloric surplus of food consumption ('potato'), causing several comorbidities which are characterized as preventable non-communicable diseases. Persistent body fat excess associated with deficits of physical activity induces a weight-lifting effect on increasing muscle mass with decreasing mitochondrial capacity. Body fat excess, therefore, correlates with body mass excess up to a critical stage of obesogenic lifestyle-induced sarcopenia, when loss of muscle mass results in further deterioration of physical performance particularly at older age. | |
| VO2max | VO2max; VO2max/M | Maximum oxygen consumption, VO2max, is and index of cardiorespiratory fitness, measured by spiroergometry on human and animal organisms capable of controlled physical exercise performance on a treadmill or cycle ergometer. VO2max is the maximum respiration of an organism, expressed as the volume of O2 at STPD consumed per unit of time per individual object [mL.min-1.x-1]. If normalized per body mass of the individual object, M [kg.x-1], mass specific maximum oxygen consumption, VO2max/M, is expressed in units [mL.min-1.kg-1]. |
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