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List of results

• '''Cyclic voltammetry'''  +
• '''Extinction''' is a synonym for [[absorbance]].  +
• '''FADH2''' and '''FAD''': see [[Flavin adenine dinucleotide]].  +
• '''Hydroxylamine''' is an inhibitor of [[catalase]].  +
• '''International Oxygraph Course''' (IOC), see [[O2k-Workshops]].  +
• '''''J''_max''' is t … '''''J''_max''' is the maximum pathway flux (e.g. [[oxygen flux]]) obtained at saturating substrate concentration. ''J''_max is a function of metabolic state. In hyperbolic ADP or oxygen kinetics, ''J''_max is calculated by extrapolation of the hyperbolic function, with good agreement between the calculated and directly measured fluxes, when substrate levels are >20 times the ''c''₅₀ or [[P50|''p''₅₀]].[[P50|''p''₅₀]].  +
• '''''N,N,N',N'''-Tetramethyl-''p''-phenyle … '''''N,N,N',N'''-Tetramethyl-''p''-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride, TMPD''', is applied as an artificial substrate for reducing [[cytochrome c|cytochrome ''c'']] in the respirometric assay for [[Complex IV|cytochrome ''c'' oxidase]] (CIV) activity. It is maintained in a reduced state by [[ascorbate]] and undergoes [[autoxidation]] as a function of [[oxygen pressure]], TMPD, ascorbate and cytochrome ''c'' concentration.orbate and cytochrome ''c'' concentration.  +
• '''''p''₅₀''' is th … '''''p''₅₀''' is the oxygen partial pressure at which (a) respiratory flux is 50% of maximum oxygen flux, [[Jmax|''J''_max]], at saturating oxygen levels. The oxygen affinity is indirectly proportional to the ''p''₅₀. The ''p''₅₀ depends on metabolic state and rate. (b) ''p''₅₀ is the oxygen partial pressure at which oxygen binding (on myoglobin, haemoglobin) is 50%, or desaturation is 50%.n partial pressure at which oxygen binding (on myoglobin, haemoglobin) is 50%, or desaturation is 50%.  +
• '''2,4-dinitrophenole''' (C₆H₄N₂O₅; M = 184.11 g·mol^-1) is a protonophore acting as an [[uncoupler]] of [[oxidative phosphorylation]].  +
• '''2-Deoxyglucose''', also known as 2-deoxy-D-glucose is a glucose derivative that has the 2-hydroxyl group replaced by hydrogen. It competitively inhibits glycolysis by blocking hexokinase and phosphohexoseisomerase.  +
• '''2-mercaptoacetate''' is an inhibitor of … '''2-mercaptoacetate''' is an inhibitor of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, MCAD, the rate-limiting enzyme of [[octanoylcarnitine]] oxidation. 2-mercaptoacetate has been used as an inhibitor of [[fatty acid oxidation]] ([[F-pathway control state]]). In permeabilized rat soleus muscle fibers, pre-incubation with 1 mM 2-mercaptoacetate for 45 min resulted in 58% inhibition of MCAD and decreased [[octanoylcarnitine]]&[[malate]] stimulated respiration by approximately 60% ([[Osiki 2016 FASEB J]]).[[Osiki 2016 FASEB J]]).  +
• '''4'''#### '''''O2k-Catalogue: O2k-Modules'''''. O2k-Modules can be obtained with the O2k or added later, and can be simply installed by the user.  +
• '''4,5,6,7-Tetrachloro-2-trifluoromethylbenzimidazole''' is a protonophore or [[uncoupler]] of oxidative phosphorylation.  +
• '''8-Hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (HPTS)''' is a ratiometric pH fluorophore; pKa = 7.3. Relative molecular mass: ''M''_r = 524.39  +
• '''AMP-activated protein kinase''' is a regulatory protein which acts as crucial cellular energy sensor by sensing AMP, [[ADP]] and/or Ca²⁺ levels in response to metabolic stresses or drug administration.  +
• '''ATP synthase''' or F-ATPase (F<sub&g … '''ATP synthase''' or F-ATPase (F₁F_O-ATPase; the use of Complex V is discouraged) catalyzes the [[endergonic]] phosphorylation of [[ADP]] to [[ATP]] in an over-all [[exergonic]] process that is driven by proton translocation along the [[protonmotive force]]. The ATP synthase can be inhibited by [[oligomycin]].[[oligomycin]].  +
• '''ATPases''' are enzymes that hydrolyse [[ATP]] … '''ATPases''' are enzymes that hydrolyse [[ATP]], releasing [[ADP]] and [[inorganic phosphate]]. The contamination of isolated mitochondria with ATPases from other organelles and endogenous adenylates can lead to the production of ADP, which can stimulate respiration. This situation would lead to an overestimation of [[LEAK respiration]] measured in the absence of ADP, ''L''(n) and subsequent inhibition of respiration by oligomycin, ''L''(Omy). of respiration by oligomycin, ''L''(Omy).  +
• '''Acceleration''', '''''a''''', is the ch … '''Acceleration''', '''''a''''', is the change of [[velocity]] over time [m·s^-2].</br> '''''a''''' = d'''''v'''''/d''t''</br>The symbol ''g'' is used for acceleration of free fall. The standard acceleration of free fall is defined as ''g''_n = 9.80665 [m·s^-2].ned as ''g''_n = 9.80665 [m·s^-2].  +
• '''Acclimation''' is an immediate time scale adaption expressing phenotypic plasticity in response to changes of a single variable under controlled laboratory conditions.  +
• '''Acclimatization''' is an immediate time scale adaption expressing phenotypic plasticity in response to changes of habitat conditions and life style where several variables may change simultaneously.  +
• '''Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases''' ACADs are lo … '''Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases''' ACADs are localized in the mitochondrial matrix. Several ACADs are distinguished: short-chain (SCAD), medium-chain (MCAD), and long-chain (LCAD). ACAD9 is expressed in human brain. ACADs catalyze the reaction</br>:::: acyl-CoA + FAD → ''trans''-2-enoyl-CoA + FADH₂→ ''trans''-2-enoyl-CoA + FADH₂  +
• '''Acyl-CoA oxidase''' is considered as a … '''Acyl-CoA oxidase''' is considered as a rate-limiting step in peroxysomal ''β''-oxidation, which carries out few ''β''-oxidation cycles, thus shortening very-long-chain fatty acids (>C₂₀). Electrons are directly transferred from FADH₂ to O₂ with the formation of H₂O₂.t; to O₂ with the formation of H₂O₂.  +
• '''Acylcarnitines''' are esters derivative … '''Acylcarnitines''' are esters derivative of [[carnitine]] and [[fatty acid]]s, involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. Long-chain acylcarnitines such as [[palmitoylcarnitine]] must be transported in this form, conjugated to carnitine, into the mitochondria to deliver fatty acids for fatty acid oxidation and energy production. Medium-chain acylcarnitines such as [[octanoylcarnitine]] are also frequently used for high-resolution respirometry.tly used for high-resolution respirometry.  +
• '''Adaptation''' is an evolutionary time scale expression of phenotypic plasticity in response to selective pressures prevailing under various habitat conditions.  +
• '''Add:''' A new graph is added at the bottom of the screen. Select plots for display in the new graph, Ctrl+F6. '''Delete: Delete one of the graphs displayed in DatLab.  +
• '''Additivity''' ''A''<sub>''α&β … '''Additivity''' ''A''_''α&β'' describes the principle of substrate control of mitochondrial respiration with [[convergent electron flow]]. The '''additive effect of convergent electron flow''' is a consequence of electron flow converging at the '''[[Q-junction]]''' from respiratory Complexes I and II ([[NS-linked substrate state |NS or CI<small>&</small>II e-input]]). Further additivity may be observed by convergent electron flow through [[Glycerophosphate_dehydrogenase_Complex|glycerophosphate dehydrogenase]] and [[electron-transferring flavoprotein Complex]]. Convergent electron flow corresponds to the operation of the [[TCA cycle]] and mitochondrial substrate supply ''in vivo''. Physiological substrate combinations supporting convergent NS e-input are required for reconstitution of intracellular TCA cycle function. Convergent electron flow simultaneously through Complexes I and II into the [[Q-junction]] supports higher [[OXPHOS capacity]] and [[ET capacity]] than separate electron flow through either CI or CII. The convergent [[NS]] effect may be completely or partially additive, suggesting that conventional bioenergetic protocols with [[Mitochondrial preparations|mt-preparations]] have underestimated cellular OXPHOS-capacities, due to the gating effect through a single branch. Complete additivity is defined as the condition when the sum of separately measured respiratory capacities, N + S, is identical to the capacity measured in the state with combined substrates, NS (CI<small>&</small>II). This condition of complete additivity, NS=N+S, would be obtained if electron channeling through supercomplex CI, CIII and CIV does not interact with the pool of redox intermediates in the pathway from CII to CIII and CIV, and if the capacity of the phosphorylation system does not limit OXPHOS capacity ([[Excess E-P capacity factor |excess ''E-P'' capacity factor]] is zero). In most cases, however, additivity is incomplete, NS < N+S.Excess E-P capacity factor |excess ''E-P'' capacity factor]] is zero). In most cases, however, additivity is incomplete, NS < N+S.  +
• '''Adenine nucleotides''', which are also sometimes referred to as adenosines or adenylates, are a group of organic molecules including AMP, [[ADP]] and [[ATP]]. These molecules present the major players of energy storage and transfer.  +
• '''Adenosine diphosphate''' is a nucleotid … '''Adenosine diphosphate''' is a nucleotide. In [[OXPHOS]] core metabolism, ADP is a substrate of [[ANT]] and [[ATP synthase]] in the [[phosphorylation system]]. ADP is the discharged or low-energy counterpart of [[ATP]]. ADP can accept chemical energy by regaining a phosphate group to become ATP, in substrate-level phosphorylation (in anaerobic catabolism), at the expense of solar energy (in photosynthetic cells) or chemiosmotic energy (respiration in heterotrophic cells). ADP is added to [[mitochondrial preparations]] at kinetically saturating concentrations to induce the active state for evaluation of [[OXPHOS capacity]].[[OXPHOS capacity]].  +
• '''Adenosine triphosphate''' is a nucleotid and functions as the major carrier of chemical energy in the cells. As it transfers its energy to other molecules, it looses its terminal phosphate group and becomes adenosine diphosphate ([[ADP]]).  +
• '''Adenylate kinase''', which is also called myokinase, is a phosphotransferase enzyme that is located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space and catalyzes the rephosphorylation of AMP to ADP in the reaction ATP + AMP ↔ ADP + ADP.  +
• '''Advancement per volume''' or volume-spe … '''Advancement per volume''' or volume-specific advancement, d_tr''Y'', is related to [[advancement]] of a transformation, d_tr''Y'' = d_tr''ξ''∙''V''^-1 [MU∙L^-1]. Compare d_tr''Y'' with the amount of substance ''j'' per volume, ''c''_''j'' ([[concentration]]), related to [[amount]], ''c''_''j'' = ''n''_''j''∙''V''^-1 [mol∙''V''^-1]. Advancement per volume is particularly introduced for chemical reactions, d_r''Y'', and has the dimension of concentration (amount per volume [mol∙L^-1]). In an [[open system]] at steady-state, however, the concentration does not change as the reaction advances. Only in [[closed system]]s and [[isolated system]]s, specific advancement equals the change in concentration divided by the stoichiometric number, d_r''Y'' = d''c''_''j''/''ν''_''j'' (closed system) d_r''Y'' = d_r''c''_''j''/''ν''_''j'' (general) With a focus on ''internal'' transformations (i; specifically: chemical reactions, r), d''c''_''j'' is replaced by the partial change of concentration, d_r''c''_''j'' (a transformation variable or process variable). d_r''c''_''j'' contributes to the total change of concentration, d''c''_''j'' (a system variable or variable of state). In open systems at steady-state, d_r''c''_''j'' is compensated by ''external processes'', d_e''c''_''j'' = -d_r''c''_''j'', exerting an effect on the total concentration change of substance ''j'', d''c''_''j'' = d_r''c''_''j'' + d_e''c''_''j'' = 0 (steady state) d''c''_''j'' = d_r''c''_''j'' + d_e''c''_''j'' (general)sses'', d_e''c''_''j'' = -d_r''c''_''j'', exerting an effect on the total concentration change of substance ''j'', d''c''_''j'' = d_r''c''_''j'' + d_e''c''_''j'' = 0 (steady state) d''c''_''j'' = d_r''c''_''j'' + d_e''c''_''j'' (general)  +
• '''Air calibration''' of an oxygen sensor … '''Air calibration''' of an oxygen sensor (polarographic oxygen sensor) is performed routinely on any day before starting a respirometric experiment. The volume fraction of oxygen in dry air is constant. An aqueous solution in equilibrium with air has the same partial pressure as that in water vapour saturated air. The water vapour is a function of temperature only. The partial oxygen pressure in aqueous solution in equilibrium with air is, therefore, a function of total barometric pressure and temperature. Bubbling an aqueous solution with air generates deviations from barometric pressure within small gas bubbles and is, therefore, not recommended. To equilibrate an aqueous solution ata known partial pressure of oxygen [kPa], the aqueous solution is stirred rigorously in a chamber enclosing air at constant temperature. The concentration of oxygen, ''c''_O2 [µM], is obtained at any partial pressure by multiplying the partial pressure by the oxygen solubility, ''S''_O2 [µM/kPa]. ''S''_O2 is a function of temperature and composition of the salt solution, and is thus a function of the experimental medium. The [[Oxygen_solubility_factor|solubility factor]] of the medium, ''F''_M, expresses the oxygen solubility relative to pure water at any experimental temperature. ''F''_M is 0.89 in serum (37 °C) and 0.92 in [[MiR06]] or [[MiR05]] (30 °C and 37 °C).iR05]] (30 °C and 37 °C).  +
• '''Allegations of research misconduct''' a … '''Allegations of research misconduct''' are handled with care. Publishers and editors shall take reasonable steps to identify and prevent the publication of papers where research misconduct has occurred, including plagiarism, citation manipulation, and data falsification/fabrication, among others. In no case shall a journal or its editors encourage such misconduct, or knowingly allow such misconduct to take place. In the event that a journal's publisher or editors are made aware of any allegation of research misconduct relating to a published article in their journal, the publisher or editor shall follow [https://publicationethics.org/core-practices COPE's guidelines] (or equivalent) in dealing with allegations.r equivalent) in dealing with allegations.  +
• '''Alternative quinol oxidases''' AOX are … '''Alternative quinol oxidases''' AOX are membrane-bound enzymes capable of supporting [[cyanide]]- and [[antimycin A]]-resistant mitochondrial respiration. AOX catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol and the reduction of oxygen to water in a four-electron process. As this bypasses several proton-translocating steps, induction of this alternative pathway is associated with a reduction of ATP production per oxygen consumed. AOX is found in most plants (including microalgae), many fungi and protists, but is not expressed in animals. AOX is inhibited by [[salicylhydroxamic acid]] (SHAM). Expression and activity of the enzyme are modified by environmental conditions such as temperature, oxidative stress, nutrient availability, and pathogens such as viruses.ailability, and pathogens such as viruses.  +
• '''Aluminium trolley''' (700x500x60 mm); carrying capacity 120 kg; incl. packing box; for transport of O2k. '''Discontinued'''  +
• '''Amp calibration''' indicates the calibration of the amperometric O2k-channel.  +
• '''Amplex^® UltraRed … '''Amplex^® UltraRed''' (AmR) is used as an [[extrinsic fluorophores |extrinsic fluorophore]] for measurement of [[hydrogen peroxide]] production ([[ROS]]) by cells or mitochondrial preparations. The reaction of H₂O₂ and AmR is catalyzed by [[horseradish peroxidase]] to produce the red fluorescent compound [[resorufin]] (excitation wavelength 563 nm, emission 587 nm; the fluorescent product according to the supplier is called UltroxRed in the case of Amplex^® UltraRed which has a similar structure to resorufin). The change of emitted fluorescence intensity is directly proportional to the concentration of H₂O₂ added, whereby the H₂O₂ is consumed.n of H₂O₂ added, whereby the H₂O₂ is consumed.  +
• '''Amytal''' sodium salt (synonym: amobarbital; 5-Ethyl-5-isoamylbarbituric acid) is a barbiturate drug and an inhibitor of [[Complex I]].  +
• '''Anaerobic''' metabolism takes place wit … '''Anaerobic''' metabolism takes place without the use of molecular oxygen, in contrast to '''[[aerobic]]''' metabolism. The capacity for energy assimilation and growth under '''[[anoxic]]''' conditions is the ultimate criterion for '''facultative anaerobiosis'''. Anaerobic ''metabolism'' may proceed not only under [[anoxic]] ''conditions'' or ''states'', but also under [[hyperoxic]] and [[normoxic]] conditions ('''aerobic glycolysis'''), and under [[hypoxic]] and [[microxic]] conditions below the [[limiting oxygen pressure]].[[limiting oxygen pressure]].  +
• '''Anaplerosis''' is the process of format … '''Anaplerosis''' is the process of formation of intermediates of the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]]. [[Malic enzyme]] (mtME), [[phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase]] (PEPCK), propionyl-CoA carboxylase, [[pyruvate carboxylase]] and [[proline dehydrogenase]] play important roles in anaplerosis.[[proline dehydrogenase]] play important roles in anaplerosis.  +
• '''Anaplerotic pathway control states''' a … '''Anaplerotic pathway control states''' are fuelled by single substrates which are transported into the mitochondrial matrix and increase the pool of intermediates of the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]]. [[Malic enzyme]] (mtME), phosphoenopyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and pyruvate carboxylase play important roles in [[anaplerosis]]. The [[glutamate-anaplerotic pathway control state]] and [[malate-anaplerotic pathway control state]] are the most important anaplerotic substrate control states (aN).anaplerotic substrate control states (aN).  +
• '''Antimycin A''' is an inhibitor of [[Complex III]] … '''Antimycin A''' is an inhibitor of [[Complex III]] (CIII). It binds to the Qi site of CIII and inhibits the transfer of electrons from heme ''b''_H to oxidized Q (Qi site inhibitor). High concentrations of antimycin A also inhibit acyl-CoA oxidase and D-amino acid oxidase.lso inhibit acyl-CoA oxidase and D-amino acid oxidase.  +
• '''Aqua destillata''' (a.d.) is the Latin … '''Aqua destillata''' (a.d.) is the Latin name for '''distilled [[water]]''', H₂O. When a.d. is used in various solution protocols, it may indicate that water with the highest possible quality or lowest possible level of impurities should be used, as may be reached not only with distilled water but also with high-purity deionised water.illed water but also with high-purity deionised water.  +
• '''Artemisinin''' and various derivatives … '''Artemisinin''' and various derivatives are potent anti-malaria drugs which have additionally anti-tumorigenic effects, particularly when targeted at mitochondria. The anti-malaria effect is associated with artemisinin's action on heme. Mitochondria are involved in the synthesis of heme, and may play additional roles in the anti-tumorigenic effect of artemisinin.he anti-tumorigenic effect of artemisinin.  +
• '''Aspirin''' is a widely applied drug that requires dosage adjusted to individual body mass. It is a non-selective COX inhibitor and exerts an effect on long-chain fatty acid transport into mitochondria.  +
• '''Atractyloside''' is an inhibitor of the … '''Atractyloside''' is an inhibitor of the [[Adenine nucleotide translocator|adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT)]]. It is an extremely toxic glycoside that inhibits oxidative phosphorylation by blocking the transfer of adenosine nucleotides through the mitochondrial membrane.otides through the mitochondrial membrane.  +
• '''Attribute''' in general is a characteristic or property. In databases an attribute describes a column in a table. Rows then represent the according attribute values.  +
• '''Auranofin''' (AF) is a gold complex which inhibites thioredoxin reductase (TrxR).  +
• '''Automatic pan''' (only for real-time da … '''Automatic pan''' (only for real-time data recording) toggles automatic panning on/off by clicking in the [[O2k status line]]. If it is on (green), the time range is maintained while the time axis always shows the currently recorded data, i.e. the value of the offset (minimum value) increases as experimental time proceeds. If it is off (yellow), the time axis is static. This allows for manually panning backwards to observe previous sections of the experiment at a given time range. In this mode, the actual experimental time may be off-scale. Toggle between "Pan auto" and "Pan off" by a left-click on the text. It does not influence continuous data recording. It is recommended to maintain automatic panning on during the experiment, except for specifically viewing earlier sections of the experiment.iewing earlier sections of the experiment.  +
• '''Autoscale Y1 (Y2) axes''': Autoscaling the measured values (full data range) on the Y1 (Y2) axis in the selected [[plot]].  +
• '''Autoscale time axis''' gives an overview of the entire experimental period.  +
• '''Autoscale''' zooms in or out of the selected period with [[Autoscale time axis]], [[Autoscale Y1 (Y2) axes]] and [[Automatic pan]].  +
• '''Bandwidth''' is measured in nanometers in terms of the full width half maximum of a peak. This is the portion of the peak that is greater than half of the maximum intensity of that peak.  +
• '''Barometric pressure''', ''p''_{… '''Barometric pressure''', ''p''_b, is an important variable measured for calibration of oxygen sensors in solutions equilibrated with air. The atm-standard pressure (1 atm = 760 mmHg = 101.325 kPa) has been replaced by the SI standard pressure of 100 kPa. The partial pressure of oxygen, ''p''_O₂, in air is a function of barometric pressure, which changes with altitude and locally with weather conditions. The partial oxygen pressure declines by 12 % to 14 % per 1,000 m up to 6,000 m altitude, and by 15 % to 17 % per 1,000 m between 6,000 and 9,000 m altitude. The [[O2k-Barometric Pressure Transducer]] is built into the Oroboros O2k as a basis for accurate air calibrations in high-resolution respirometry. For highest-level accuracy of calculation of oxygen pressure, it is recommended to compare at regular intervals the barometric pressure recording provided by the O2k with a calibrated barometric pressure recording at an identical time point and identical altitude. The concept of gas pressure or barometric pressure can be related to the generalized concept of isomorphic [[pressure]].[[pressure]].  +
• '''Basal respiration''' or '''basal metabo … '''Basal respiration''' or '''basal metabolic rate''' (BMR) is the minimal rate of metabolism required to support basic body functions, essential for maintenance only. BMR (in humans) is measured at rest 12 to 14 hours after eating in a physically and mentally relaxed state at thermally neutral room temperature. Maintenance energy requirements include mainly the metabolic costs of protein turnover and ion homeostasis. In many aerobic organisms, and particularly well studied in mammals, BMR is fully aerobic, i.e. direct calorimetry (measurement of [[heat dissipation]]) and indirect calorimetry (measurement of oxygen consumption multiplied by the [[oxycaloric equivalent]]) agree within errors of measurement (Blaxter KL 1962. The energy metabolism of ruminants. Hutchinson, London: 332 pp [1]). In many cultured mammalian cells, aerobic glycolysis contributes to total ATP turnover ([[Gnaiger_1990_Biochim Biophys Acta|Gnaiger and Kemp 1990]] [2]), and under these conditions, '[[respiration]]' is not equivalent to '[[metabolic rate]]'. Basal respiration in humans and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function (oxygen kinetics) are correlated ([[Larsen_2011_FASEB J|Larsen et al 2011]] [3]).</br>» [[Basal_respiration#Basal_respiration_in_physiology.2C_cellular_bioenergetics_and_mitochondrial_physiology | '''MiPNet article''']][Basal_respiration#Basal_respiration_in_physiology.2C_cellular_bioenergetics_and_mitochondrial_physiology | '''MiPNet article''']]  +
• '''Bendavia''' ('''Elamipretide''') was de … '''Bendavia''' ('''Elamipretide''') was developed as a mitochondria-targeted drug against degenerative diseases, including cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Clinical trials showed variable results. It is a cationic tetrapeptide which readily passes cell membranes, associates with [[cardiolipin]] in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Supercomplex-associated CIV activity significantly improved in response to elamipretide treatment in the failing human heart.tide treatment in the failing human heart.  +
• '''Beryllium sulfate''' is used in combination with [[sodium fluoride]] to form beryllium trifluoride (BeF³⁻), to inhibit the [[ATP synthase]] if it is exposed by disruption of the mitochondrial membranes.  +
• '''Bioactive mitObesity compounds''' are d … '''Bioactive mitObesity compounds''' are drugs and nutraceuticals with more or less reproducible beneficial effects in the treatment of diverse preventable degenerative diseases implicated in comorbidities linked to obesity, characterized by common mechanisms of action targeting mitochondria.chanisms of action targeting mitochondria.  +
• '''Biological reference interval''' or reference interval is the central 95 % interval of the distribution of reference values.  +
• '''Biopsy preservation solution''', for preservation of tissue samples, preparation of muscle fibres, and permeabilization with [[saponin]].  +
• '''Blebbistatin''' is a widely used muscle … '''Blebbistatin''' is a widely used muscle and non-muscle myosin II-specific inhibitor that block contractile activity. Blebbistatin shows selectivity and high affinity for multiple class II myosins. Blebbistatin is commonly employed in respirometric experiments with permeabilized muscle fibers (pfi). Permeabilized muscle fibers are sensitive to low oxygen supply due to diffusion restrictions that limit mitochondrial respiration at the core of the fiber bundle. Therefore, hyperoxic conditions are required to counteract this limitation. Further studies have shown that the addition of blebbistatin in the respiration medium prevents fiber contraction, reduces the oxygen sensitivity and allows the study of ADP kinetics in pfi at normoxic oxygen levels. However, other studies described that the presence of blebbistatin does not prevent the oxygen dependence in pfi. Moreover, several limitations of blebbistatin i.e. low solubility in water, cytotoxicity and phototoxicity have been described.ity and phototoxicity have been described.  +
• '''Blood cell preparation''' (bcp) is one of the key steps in diagnostic protocols.  +
• '''Blood plasma''' is the non-cellular com … '''Blood plasma''' is the non-cellular component of the blood. Plasma lacks cellular components of the blood, [[red blood cell]]s, [[white blood cell]]s, and [[platelet]]s. However, there are many proteins in plasma, i.e. fibrinogen, albumin and globulin. Both blood plasma and [[platelet-rich plasma]] maintain clotting activity after whole blood separation.ing activity after whole blood separation.  +
• '''Blood serum''' is a purified plasma in … '''Blood serum''' is a purified plasma in which the coagulant components were removed from the [[blood plasma]]. It contains other substances, i.e. antibodies, antigens and hormones. Serum can be obtained by collecting the liquid phase after blood or plasma coagulation.d phase after blood or plasma coagulation.  +
• '''Bongkrekik acid''' is a selective and potent inhibitor of the [[adenine nucleotide translocator]] (ANT). Bka binds to the matrix (negative) site of ANT, opposite of [[carboxyatractyloside]].  +
• '''CE''' marking is a mandatory conformity marking for certain products sold within the European Economic Area (EEA).  +
• '''CHNO-fuel substrates''' are reduced car … '''CHNO-fuel substrates''' are reduced carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-oxygen substrates which are oxidized in the [[exergonic]] process of [[cell respiration]]. Mitochondrial pathways are stimulated by CHNO-fuel substrates feeding electrons into the [[ETS]] at different levels of integration and in the presence or absence of inhibitors acting on specific enzymes which are gate-keepers and control various pathway segments.pers and control various pathway segments.  +
• '''COPE core practices for research''' are applicable to all involved in publishing scholarly literature.  +
• '''Ca²⁺''' is a maj … '''Ca²⁺''' is a major signaling molecule in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Its cytoplasmic concentration is tightly regulated by transporters in the plasma membrane and in the membranes of various organelles. For this purpose, it is either extruded from the cell through exchangers and pumps or stored in organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. Changes in the concentration of the cation regulate numerous enzymes including many involved in ATP utilizing and in ATP generating pathways and thus ultimately control metabolic activity of mitochondria and of the entire cell. Measuring changes in Ca²⁺ levels is thus of considerable interest in the context of [[high-resolution respirometry]].[[high-resolution respirometry]].  +
• '''Calcium Green'''<sup>TM</sup&g … '''Calcium Green'''^TM (CaG) denotes a family of [[extrinsic fluorophores]] applied for measurement of Ca²⁺ concentration with [[mitochondrial preparations]]. This dye fluoresces when bound to Ca²⁺. When measuring mitochondrial calcium uptake it is possible to observe the increase of the CaG signal upon calcium titration, followed by the decrease of CaG signal due to the uptake.n calcium titration, followed by the decrease of CaG signal due to the uptake.  +
• '''Calorespirometry''' is the method of me … '''Calorespirometry''' is the method of measuring simultaneously metabolic heat flux ([[calorimetry]]) and oxygen flux ([[respirometry]]). The [[calorespirometric ratio]] (CR ratio; heat/oxygen flux ratio) is thus experimentally determined and can be compared with the theoretical [[oxycaloric equivalent]], as a test of the aerobic energy balance., as a test of the aerobic energy balance.  +
• '''Carbohydrates''', also known as '''sacc … '''Carbohydrates''', also known as '''saccharides''', are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. These molecules can be divided by size and complexity into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. [[Glucose]] is a monosaccharide considered the primary source of energy in cells and a metabolic intermediate. This carbohydrate undergoes glycolysis, with the generation of [[pyruvate]], that can enter the [[TCA cycle]]. </br></br>Carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose may also be involved in the [[Crabtree effect]].[[Crabtree effect]].  +
• '''Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazo … '''Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone''', CCCP (U; C₉H₅ClN₄; ''F''_W = 204.62) is a protonophore (H⁺ ionophore) and is used as a potent chemical [[uncoupler]] of [[oxidative phosphorylation]]. Like all uncouplers, CCCP concentrations must be titrated carefully to evaluated the optimum concentration for maximum stimulation of mitochondrial respiration, particularly to avoid inhibition of respiration at higher CCCP concentrations.ochondrial respiration, particularly to avoid inhibition of respiration at higher CCCP concentrations.  +
• '''Carboxy SNARF® 1''' is a cell-impermean … '''Carboxy SNARF® 1''' is a cell-impermeant pH indicator dye. The pKa of ~7.5 makes it useful for measuring pH in the range of pH 7 to pH 8. The emission shifts from yellow-orange at low pH to deep red fluorescence at high pH. Ratiometric fluorometry, therefore, is applied at two emission wavelengths,such as 580 nm and 640 nm.</br></br>Relative molecular mass: ''M''_r = 453.45molecular mass: ''M''_r = 453.45  +
• '''Carboxyatractyloside''' CAT is a highly … '''Carboxyatractyloside''' CAT is a highly selective and potent inhibitor of the [[adenine nucleotide translocator]] (ANT). CAT stabilizes the nucleoside binding site of ANT on the cytoplasmic (positive) side of the inner membrane and blocks the exchange of matrix ATP and cytoplasmic ADP. It causes stabilization of the ''c'' conformation of ANT leading to permeability transition pore (PTP) opening, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis.ondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis.  +
• '''Cardiolipin''', CL, is a double phospho … '''Cardiolipin''', CL, is a double phospholipid (having 4 fatty acyl chains) in the mitochondrial inner membrane (mtIM) which plays an important role in mitochondrial bioenergetics. CL is involved in the mitochondria-dependent pathway of apoptosis, participates in the function and stabilization of mitochondrial respiratory complexes and supercomplexes and also contributes to mitochondrial integrity.</br> Contributed by [[Sparagna G]] 2016-04-18[[Sparagna G]] 2016-04-18  +
• '''Carnitine O-octanoyltransferase''' is a mitochondrial enzyme that transfers [[carnitine]] to octanoyl-CoA to form [[Coenzyme A]] and [[octanoylcarnitine]]: Octanoyl-CoA + L-carnitine ↔ CoA + L-octanoylcarnitine.  +
• '''Carnitine acetyltransferase''' (CrAT) i … '''Carnitine acetyltransferase''' (CrAT) is located in the mitochondrial matrix and catalyses the formation of acetyl-carnitine from acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine and thus regulates the acetyl-CoA/free CoA ratio which is essential for [[pyruvate dehydrogenase]] complex (PDC) activity.[[pyruvate dehydrogenase]] complex (PDC) activity.  +
• '''Carnitine acyltransferases''' mediate t … '''Carnitine acyltransferases''' mediate the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mt-membrane by binding them to carnitine. First, long-chain fatty acids are activated by an energy-requiring step in which the fatty acid ester of CoA is formed enzymatically at the expense of ATP. The fatty acids then pass through the inner mt-membrane and enter the mitochondria as carnitine esters ([[acylcarnitine]]s). The fatty acyl group is then transferred from carnitine to intramitochondrial CoA and the resulting fatty acyl CoA is used as a substrate in the fatty acid oxidation (FAO) cycle in the mt-matrix.id oxidation (FAO) cycle in the mt-matrix.  +
• '''Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I''' (CP … '''Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I''' (CPT-I, also known as carnitine acyltransferase I) is a regulatory enzyme in mitochondrial long-chain acyl-CoA uptake and further oxidation. CPT-I is associated with the mt-outer membrane mtOM and catalyses the formation of [[acylcarnitine]]s from acyl-CoA and L-carnitine. In the next step, acyl-carnitines are transported to the mitochondrial matrix via [[carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase]] in exchange for free [[carnitine]]. In the inner side of the mtIM [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase II]] converts the acyl-carnitines to carnitine and acyl-CoAs. There are three enzyme isoforms: CPT-1A (liver type), CPT-1B (muscle type), CPT-1C (brain type). Isoforms have significantly different kinetic and regulatory properties. Malonyl-CoA is an endogenous inhibitor of CPT-I.l-CoA is an endogenous inhibitor of CPT-I.  +
• '''Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II''' (C … '''Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II''' (CPT-II, also known as carnitine acyltransferase II) is part of the carnitine shuttle which is responsible for the mitochondrial transport of long-chain fatty acids. CPT-II is located on the inner side of the mtIM and converts the [[acylcarnitine]]s (produced in the reaction catalyzed by [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase I]]) to carnitine and acyl-CoAs, which undergo ß-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix. Free carnitines are transported out of the mitochondrial matrix in exchange for acyl-carnitines via an integral mtIM protein [[carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase]] (CACT). Short- and medium-chain fatty acids do not require the carnitine shuttle for mitochondrial transport.itine shuttle for mitochondrial transport.  +
• '''Carnitine''' is an important factor for … '''Carnitine''' is an important factor for the transport of long-chain fatty acids bound to carnitine ([[carnitine acyltransferase]]) into the mitochondrial matrix for subsequent β-oxidation. There are two enantiomers: D- and L-carnitine. Only the L-isomer is physiologically active.ly the L-isomer is physiologically active.  +
• '''Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase''' … '''Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase''' (CACT) is part of the carnitine shuttle which mediates the mitochondrial transport of long-chain fatty acids where the [[fatty acid oxidation]] occurs. </br>CACT is an internal mt-IM protein and transports [[acylcarnitine]]s into the mitochondrial matrix in exchange for free [[carnitine]].[[carnitine]].  +
• '''Carriers for malate: * [[dicarboxylate carrier]] * [[tricarboxylate carrier]] * [[2-oxoglutarate carrier]]  +
• '''Catalase''' catalyzes the dismutation o … '''Catalase''' catalyzes the dismutation of [[hydrogen peroxide]] to water and [[oxygen]]. Perhaps all cells have catalase, but mitochondria of most cells lack catalase. Cardiac mitochondria are exceptional in having mt-catalase activity (rat heart mitochondria: Radi et al 1991; mouse heart mitochondria: Rindler et al 2013). [[Hydroxylamine]] is an inhibitor of catalase, which is also inhibited by [[cyanide]] and [[azide]].</br></br>Mitochondrial respiration medium [[MiR05]] was developed considering the intracellular conditions of mitochondria in living cells. In mitochondrial preparations, enzymes and substrates present in the cytosol (such as catalase) are diluted when the plasma membrane is removed. Therefore, the addition of catalase is recommended when working with mitochondrial preparations, to consume any H₂O₂ generated during the assay.2}O₂ generated during the assay.  +
• '''Catalytic activity''' of an enzyme is m … '''Catalytic activity''' of an enzyme is measured by an enzyme assay and is expressed in units of katal (kat [mol∙s^-1]). More commonly (but not conforming to SI units or IUPAC recommendations) enzyme activity is expressed in units U [mol∙min^-1].tivity is expressed in units U [mol∙min^-1].  +
• '''Cell culture media''', like RPMI or DMEM, used for [[HRR]] of living cells.  +
• '''Cell respiration''' channels metabolic … '''Cell respiration''' channels metabolic fuels into the chemiosmotic coupling (bioenergetic) machinery of [[oxidative phosphorylation]], being regulated by and regulating oxygen consumption (or consumption of an alternative final electron acceptor) and molecular redox states, ion gradients, mitochondrial (or microbial) membrane potential, the phosphorylation state of the ATP system, and heat dissipation in response to intrinsic and extrinsic energy demands. See also [[respirometry]].</br></br>In internal or '''cell respiration''' in contrast to [[fermentation]], redox balance is maintained by external electron acceptors, transported into the cell from the environment. The chemical potential between electron donors and electron acceptors drives the [[electron transfer pathway]], generating a chemiosmotic potential that in turn drives ATP synthesis.tential that in turn drives ATP synthesis.  +
• '''Charge''' ''Q''_el is the quantity of electricity expressed in the SI unit coulomb [C]. ''Q''_el''X'' [C] indicates the charge carried by the quantity of a specified ion ''X''.  +
• '''Check for updates''' in the Help pull-d … '''Check for updates''' in the Help pull-down menu of DatLab 8 and follow the simple installation instruction if your computer (Linux or Windows) running DatLab is connected to the internet. Alternatively, use a different computer connected to the internet, download the [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/download-update-datlab-8-for-linux/ update for Linux], and transfer it to the computer operating DatLab by USB. Check regularly for updates.atLab by USB. Check regularly for updates.  +
• '''Chinese numerals''' The Arabic numeral … '''Chinese numerals'''</br>The Arabic numeral system used today in China was introduced to China by the Europeans in the early 17^th century. But the Chinese character-based number systems are still in use. The financial numerals are used only when writing an amount on a form for remitting money at a bank. They function as anti-fraud numerals. </br></br>The character 零 (zero) appeared very early in ancient Chinese writing. However, at that time, it did not mean "nothing", but "bits and pieces", "not much". 一百零五(105) means in Chinese: In addition to a hundred, there is a fraction of five. With the introduction of the Arabic numerals, 105 is exactly pronounced “one hundred zero five”, the character 零 corresponds exactly to the symbol 0. Thus, the character 零has the meaning of 0. But the character 〇 was one of the Chinese characters created and promulgated by the only empress (with greater achievements than countless emperors) in the history of China in 690 AD (much later than the invention of 0 in India) for the purpose of demonstrating her power. At that time the character 〇 meant “star”, representing a round planet. It is now used as a synonym for the 零 (zero). planet. It is now used as a synonym for the 零 (zero).  +
• '''Chloroplasts''' (Greek chloros: green; … '''Chloroplasts''' (Greek chloros: green; plastes: the one who forms) are small structures within the cells that conduct [[photosynthesis]]. They are a type of organelle called plastids that are present in eukaryotic plant cells (algae, aquatic and terrestrial plants) and characterized by having two membranes and a high concentration of the pigment Chlorophyll. Like [[mitochondria]], they originated through the endosymbiosis of a cyanobacteria by an early eukaryotic cell and they have their own DNA which replicates during cell division. In addition to photosynthesis, in their internal matrix called stroma they also carry out other metabolic functions within the plant cells such as fatty acid synthesis or amino acid synthesis.ty acid synthesis or amino acid synthesis.  +
• '''Choline dehydrogenase''' (EC 1.1.99.1) … '''Choline dehydrogenase''' (EC 1.1.99.1) is bound to the inner mt-membrane, oxidizes choline in kidney and liver mitochondria, with electron transfer into the [[Q-junction]], and is thus part of the [[Electron transfer pathway]]. Analogous to [[succinate dehydrogenase]] (CII), electron transfer from choline dehydrogenase is FAD-linked downstream to Q. Choline is an [[ET-pathway substrate types]] 3.[[ET-pathway substrate types]] 3.  +
• '''Citreoviridin''' is an inhibitor of the [[ATP synthase]] which, differently from the FO subunit binding inhibitor oligmycin, binds to the F1 subunit of the ATP synthase.  +
• '''Close and delete file'''. The decision to delete a DatLab file containing no useful data can be made most easily when viewing the traces. Only available when disconnected from the O2k.  +
• '''Coenzyme A''' is a coenzyme playing an essential role in the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]] (oxidation of [[pyruvate]] to [[acetyl-CoA]]) and [[fatty acid oxidation]]. CoA is a thiol that reacts with carboxylic acids to form CoA-activated thioesters.  +
• '''Coenzyme Q''' or ubiquinone (2,3-dimeth … '''Coenzyme Q''' or ubiquinone (2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-polyprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone) was discovered in 1957 by the group of Crane. It is a lipid composed of a benzoquinone ring with an isoprenoid side chain, two methoxy groups and one methyl group. The length of the isoprenoid chain varies depending on the species; for example, six isoprenoid units (CoQ₆) is the most commonly found CoQ in ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'', eight units in ''Escherichia coli'' (CoQ₈), nine units in ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' and rodents (CoQ₉), ten units in humans (CoQ₁₀), and some species have more than one CoQ form, e.g. human and rodent mitochondria contain different proportions of CoQ₉ and CoQ₁₀. These redox compounds exist in three different forms: [[quinone]] (oxidized), [[quinol]] (reduced), and an intermediate [[semiquinone]].</br></br>''More details'' » '''[[Q-junction]]'''[Q-junction]]'''  +
• '''Comorbidities''' are common in obesogen … '''Comorbidities''' are common in obesogenic lifestyle-induced early aging. These are preventable, non-communicable diseases with strong associations to obesity. In many studies, cause and effect in the sequence of onset of comorbidities remain elusive. Chronic degenerative diseases are commonly obesity-induced. The search for the link between obesity and the etiology of diverse preventable diseases lead to the hypothesis, that mitochondrial dysfunction is the common mechanism, summarized in the term 'mitObesity'.nism, summarized in the term 'mitObesity'.  +
• '''Complex I''', '''NADH:ubiquinone oxidor … '''Complex I''', '''NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase''' (EC 1.6.5.3), is an enzyme complex of the [[Electron transfer pathway]], a [[proton pump]] across the inner mt-membrane, responsible for electron transfer to [[ubiquinone]] from [[NADH]] formed in the mt-matrix. CI forms a [[supercomplex]] with [[Complex III]]. There is a widespread ambiguity on the 'lonely H⁺ (the lonely [[hydron]])' surrounding Complex I: [[Ambiguity crisis - NAD and H+ |CI ambiguities]].[[Ambiguity crisis - NAD and H+ |CI ambiguities]].  +
• '''Complex III''' or coenzyme Q : cytochro … '''Complex III''' or coenzyme Q : cytochrome c - oxidoreductase, sometimes also called the cytochrome ''bc''₁ complex is a complex of the [[electron transfer pathway]]. It catalyzes the reduction of cytochrome ''c'' by oxidation of [[coenzyme Q]] (CoQ) and the concomitant [[Proton pump|pumping of 4 protons]] from the cathodic (negative) mitochondrial matrix to the anodic (positive) intermembrane space.l matrix to the anodic (positive) intermembrane space.  +
• '''Complex IV''' or '''cytochrome ''c'' ox … '''Complex IV''' or '''cytochrome ''c'' oxidase''' is the terminal oxidase of the mitochondrial [[electron transfer system]], reducing [[oxygen]] to [[water]], with reduced [[cytochrome c |cytochrome ''c'']] as a substrate. Concomitantly to that, CIV [[Proton pump|pumps protons]] against the electrochemical protonmotive force. CIV is frequently abbreviated as COX or CcO. It is the 'ferment' (Atmungsferment) of Otto Warburg, shown to be related to the cytochromes discovered by David Keilin.he cytochromes discovered by David Keilin.  +
• '''Concentrated ammonia solution''' (25 % … '''Concentrated ammonia solution''' (25 % - 30 % ammonium hydroxide solution, ammonia) is used for the service of the polarographic oxygen sensor OroboPOS. After opening the commercial solution, the concentration of ammonia may decline during storage and may render the ammonia stock ineffective for sensor service.</br></br>'''Source:''' A commercially available solution from a drugstore is sufficient for this cleaning purposere is sufficient for this cleaning purpose  +
• '''Concentration''' [mol·L<sup>-1< … '''Concentration''' [mol·L^-1] is a volume-specific quantity for diluted [[sample]]s s. In a concentration, the sample is expressed in a variety of [[format]]s: [[count]], amount, [[charge]], [[mass]], [[energy]]. In solution chemistry, amount concentration is [[amount of substance]] ''n''_B per volume ''V'' of the solution, ''c''_B = [B] = ''n''_B·''V''^-1 [mol·dm^-3] = [mol·L^-1]. The standard concentration, ''c''°, is defined as 1 mol·L^-1 = 1 M. [[Count]] concentration ''C_X'' = ''N_X''·''V''^-1 [x·L^-1] is the concentration of the number ''N_X'' of elementary entities ''X'', for which the less appropriate term 'number concentration' is used by [[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |IUPAC]]. If the sample is expressed as volume ''V''_s (''e.g.'', ''V''_O₂), then the 'volume-concentration' of ''V''_s in ''V'' is termed '[[volume fraction]]', ''Φ''_s = ''V''_s·''V''^-1 (''e.g.'', volume fraction of O₂ in dry air, ''Φ''_O₂) = 0.20946). [[Density]] is the mass concentration in a volume ''V''_S of pure sample S. </br></br>A ''change'' of concentration, d''c''_X, in isolated or closed [[system]]s at constant [[volume]] is due to internal transformations ([[advancement per volume]]) only. In closed compressible systems (with a gas phase), the concentration of the gas changes, when pressure-volume work is performed on the system. In open systems, a change of concentration can additionally be due to [[external flow]] across the system boundaries.flow]] across the system boundaries.  +
• '''Connect to O2k''' connects DatLab with … '''Connect to O2k''' connects DatLab with the O2k. Select the [[USB port]] (or [[Serial port]]) with the corresponding cable connecting your PC to the O2k. Select the subdirectory for saving the [[DatLab data file| DLD file]]. Then data recording starts with experimental time set at zero.starts with experimental time set at zero.  +
• '''Coupled respiration''' drives oxidative … '''Coupled respiration''' drives oxidative phosphorylation of the diphosphate [[ADP]] to the triphosphate [[ATP]], mediated by proton pumps across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Intrinsically [[uncoupled respiration]], in contrast, does not lead to phosphorylation of ADP, despite of protons being pumped across the inner mt-membrane. Coupled respiration, therefore, is the coupled part of respiratory oxygen flux that pumps the fraction of protons across the inner mt-membrane which is utilized by the phosphorylation system to produce ATP from ADP and Pi. In the OXPHOS state, mitochondria are in a partially coupled state, and the corresponding coupled respiration is the [[free OXPHOS capacity]]. In the state of ROUTINE respiration, coupled respiration is the [[free ROUTINE activity]].[[free ROUTINE activity]].  +
• '''Coupling-control efficiencies''' are [[flux control efficiency |flux control efficiencies]] ''j_Z-Y'' at a constant [[ET-pathway competent state]].  +
• '''Coupling-control ratios''' ''CCR'' are … '''Coupling-control ratios''' ''CCR'' are [[flux control ratio]]s ''FCR'' at a constant mitochondrial [[pathway-control state]]. In mitochondrial preparations, there are three well-defined coupling states of respiration: [[LEAK respiration]], [[OXPHOS]], and [[Electron transfer pathway |Electron-transfer-pathway state]] (ET state). In these states, the corresponding respirtory rates are symbolized as ''L'', ''P'', and ''E''. In living cells, the OXPHOS state cannot be induced, but in the [[ROUTINE]] state the respiration rate is ''R''. A reference rate ''Z'' is defined by taking ''Z'' as the maximum flux, i.e. flux ''E'' in the ET-state, such that the lower and upper limits of the ''CCR'' are defined as 0.0 and 1.0. Then there are two mitochondrial ''CCR'', [[L/E |''L/E'']] and [[P/E |''P/E'']], and two ''CCR'' for living cells, [[L/E |''L/E'']] and [[ROUTINE-control ratio |''R/E'']].[[ROUTINE-control ratio |''R/E'']].  +
• '''Coupling-control states''' are defined … '''Coupling-control states''' are defined in [[mitochondrial preparations]] (isolated mitochondria, permeabilized cells, permeabilized tissues, homogenates) as [[LEAK respiration]], [[OXPHOS]], and [[ET-pathway |ET]] states, with corresponding respiration rates (''L, P, E'') in any [[electron-transfer-pathway state]] which is competent for electron transfer. These coupling states are induced by titration of ADP and uncouplers, and application of specific inhibitors of the [[phosphorylation pathway]]. In [[living cells]], the coupling-control states are [[LEAK respiration]], [[ROUTINE]], and [[ET pathway |ET]] states of respiration with corresponding rates ''L, R, E'', using membrane-permeable inhibitors of the [[phosphorylation system]] (e.g. [[oligomycin]]) and [[uncoupler]]s (e.g. [[CCCP]]). [[Coupling-control protocol]]s induce these coupling-control states sequentially at a constant [[electron-transfer-pathway state]].[[electron-transfer-pathway state]].  +
• '''Creatine''' is a nitrogenous organic acid that occurs naturally in vertebrates and helps primarily muscle cells to supply energy by increasing the formation of adenosine triphosphate ([[ATP]]).  +
• '''Curcumin''' has been shown to possess s … '''Curcumin''' has been shown to possess significant anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, anti-coagulant and anti-infective effects. The protective effects of curcumin on rat heart mitochondrial injuries induced by in vitro anoxia–reoxygenation were evaluated by [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23984717 Xu et al 2013]. It was found that curcumin added before anoxia or immediately prior to reoxygenation exhibited remarkable protective effects against anoxia–reoxygenation induced oxidative damage to mitochondria. induced oxidative damage to mitochondria.  +
• '''Current''' or electric [[flow]] … '''Current''' or electric [[flow]] ''I''_el is the [[advancement]] of [[charge]] per unit of time, expressed in the SI base unit [[ampere]] [C·s^-1 = A]. Electrons or ions are the current-carrying [[motive entity |motive entities]] of electric flow. Electrons e^- are negatively charged subatomic particles carrying 'negative electricity' with a mass that is about 1/1700 of the smallest particle — the proton — carrying 'positive electricity' (Thompson 1906). Correspondingly the [[velocity]] of electrons is much higher than that of protons or any other (larger) ion. Current is the velocity ''v'' of paticles times the number of motive charges. Therefore, electron current ''I''_e^- is of a different nature from electric current ''I''_el''χ'' carried by all species ''i'' of ions ''X_i'' (cations and anions) summarized as ''χ'' = Σ(''z_i''·''X_i''). Whereas ''I''_e^- is the net translocation of electrons moving forwards and backwards, ''I''_el''χ'' is the net translocation of charges carried by different cations and anions. In contrast, ion current ''I''_elX of a specific ion X is the partial translocation of charges carried by net translocation of ion X only. If cation current ''I''_elX⁺ is antagonized entirely by counterion current ''I''_elY^- as the process of antiport, then the electric current ''I''_el''χ'' is zero. The (net) electric current in a compartmental system is driven by the electric force Δ_el''F''_p⁺ or electric potential difference Δ''Ψ''_p⁺, whereas a compensated ion/counterion antiport current is insensitive to the electric potential difference.tal system is driven by the electric force Δ_el''F''_p⁺ or electric potential difference Δ''Ψ''_p⁺, whereas a compensated ion/counterion antiport current is insensitive to the electric potential difference.  +
• '''Cuvettes''' are used in [[fluorometry]] … '''Cuvettes''' are used in [[fluorometry]] and [[transmission spectrophotometry]] to contain the samples. Use of the term 'cells' for cuvettes is discouraged, to avoid confusion with 'living cells'. Traditionally cuvettes have a square cross-section (10 x 10 mm). For many applications they are made of transparent plastic. Glass cells are used where samples may contain plastic solvents, and for some applications requiring measurements below 300 nm, quartz glass or high purity fused silica cuvettes may be necessary.ty fused silica cuvettes may be necessary.  +
• '''Cyanide''' (usually added as KCN) is a competitive inhibitor of [[Complex_IV| cytochcrome ''c'' oxidase (CIV)]]. Inhibition is reversed by pyruvate and high oxygen levels.  +
• '''Cyclic voltammetry''' (CV) is a type of … '''Cyclic voltammetry''' (CV) is a type of electrochemical measurement which is applied with the [[Q-Module]] as quality control to </br>(''1'') determine the oxidation and reduction peak potentials of [[Coenzyme Q]] in the specific experimental condition, (2) check the quality of the [[Q-Sensor]], and (''3'') test the interference of chemicals used in the HRR assay with the Q-Sensor. In CV, the [[Q-Sensor]] with the [[three-electrode system]] is used to obtain information about the analyte ([[Coenzyme Q|CoQ]]) by measuring the current (''I'') as the electric potential (''V'') between two of the electrodes is varied. In CV the electric potential between the glassy carbon (GC) and the Ag/AgCl reference electrode changes linearly versus time in cyclical phases, while the current is detected between GC and platinum electrode (Pt). The detected current is plotted versus the applied voltage to obtain the typical cyclic voltammogram trace (Figure 1). The presence of substances that are oxidized/reduced will result in current between GC and Pt, which can be seen as characteristic peaks in the voltammogram at a defined potential. The oxidation or the reduction peak potential values are used to set the GC (integrated into the [[Q-Sensor]]) for a separate experiment to measure the [[Q redox state]] of a biological sample. The oxidation and reduction peak potentials can be influenced by 1) the respiration medium, 2) the type of [[Coenzyme Q | CoQ]], 3) the polarization window, 4) the scan speed, 5) the number of cycles, 6) the concentration of the analyte (CoQ), and 7) the initial polarization voltage. <be></br>:::-''See'': [[MiPNet24.12 NextGen-O2k: Q-Module]].</br>:::::[[MiPNet24.16 DatLab8.0: CV-Module]][[MiPNet24.16 DatLab8.0: CV-Module]]  +
• '''Cyclosporin A''' (CsA) is a cyclic unde … '''Cyclosporin A''' (CsA) is a cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi that binds the cyclophilin D and thus preventing the formation of the mitochondrial [[PTP|permeability transition pore]]. The interaction of CsA with the cyclophilin D is phosphate mediated but the full mechanism of interaction is not well understood. For example, the deficiency of cyclophilin D in KO models does not prevent mitochondria from permeability transition and from CsA inhibition. Moreover, it is also a is a calcineurin inhibitor and potent immunosuppressive agent used largely as a means of prophylaxis against cellular rejection after solid organ transplantation.jection after solid organ transplantation.  +
• '''Cytochrome ''c''''' is a component of t … '''Cytochrome ''c''''' is a component of the Electron transfer-pathway ([[Electron transfer pathway]]) in mitochondria. It is a small heme protein loosely associated with the outer side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The heme group of cytochrome ''c'' transfers electrons from [[Complex III]] to [[Complex IV]]. The release of cytochrome ''c'' into the cytoplasm is associated with apoptosis. Cytochrome ''c'' is applied in [[HRR]] to test the integrity of the [[mitochondrial outer membrane]] ([[cytochrome c control efficiency]]).[[cytochrome c control efficiency]]).  +
• '''D number''' is the unique code given fo … '''D number''' is the unique code given for each [[SUIT]] protocol. In the same [[MitoPedia: SUIT |SUIT protocol]] family (SUIT-###), there might be different protocols, specifically designed for different [[sample]] type (''e.g.'', different [[mitochondrial preparations]]) or for different applications (''e.g.'', O2, [[AmR]], [[Mitochondrial membrane potential|Fluo]], [[MgG]]). Since the use of different kinds of sample or application may result in slightly different steps, each protocol receives a different D-number.ch protocol receives a different D-number.  +
• '''DL-Protocols''' (DLP) can be selected i … '''DL-Protocols''' (DLP) can be selected in DatLab 7 in the pull-down menu 'Protocol': Set DL-Protocol / O2 limit. A DL-Protocol defines the sequence of [[Events - DatLab |Events]] and [[Marks - DatLab |Marks]] and can be assigned to O2k-Chamber A or B, or both. Linked to DL-Protocols are templates for storing exported data in a database and for data analysis. Instrumental DL-Protocols are used for calibrations and instrumental quality control, without experimental sample in the incubation medium. DL-Protocols for [[substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration]] (SUIT) provide a guide through a sequence of [[coupling-control state]]s and [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s. A [[MitoPedia:_SUIT|library]] of evaluated and tested standard DL-Protocols is provided by the Oroboros team. The Titration-Injection-microPump [[TIP2k]] can be programmed for automatic control of titration steps in a DL-Protocol. In DatLab 7.4, it is possible to edit a DL-Protocol and save it as a [[Export_DL-Protocol_User_(*.DLPU)| user-specific DL-Protocol]] (*.DLPU). For more information, see: [[Enable DL-Protocol editing]]. A '''Lower O2 limit [µM]''' can be defined for each chamber, to trigger an automatic warning when the experimental O₂ concentration declines below this limit as a WARNING to remind the user that re-oxygenation of the medium may be required.ser that re-oxygenation of the medium may be required.  +
• '''DTPA''' (Diethylenetriamine-N,N,N',N,N- … '''DTPA''' (Diethylenetriamine-N,N,N',N,N-pentaacetic acid, pentetic acid,(Carboxymethyl)imino]bis(ethylenenitrilo)-tetra-acetic acid) is a polyaminopolycarboxylic acid (like EDTA) chelator of metal cations. DTPA wraps around a metal ion by forming up to eight bounds, because each COO- group and and N-center serves a center for chelation. With transition metals the number of bounds is less than eight. The compound is not cell membrane permeable. In general, it chelates multivalent ions stronger than EDTA.lates multivalent ions stronger than EDTA.  +
• '''DatLab templates''' can be imported for O2k-setups, graph layouts, mark names, TIP2k setups and marks statistics configurations. :::: See also » [[Manage setups and templates - DatLab|Manage setups and templates]]  +
• '''DatLab-Upgrading\4.1-5.2''': Upgrading DatLab 4.x to 5.2, incl. O2k-Manual, with free follow-up updates of DatLab 5.2. '''Discontinued''': see higher [[DatLab]] version.  +
• '''DataCite''' is a global community of or … '''DataCite''' is a global community of organizations and researchers identifying and citing research outputs and resources. We provide services to create persistent records of research, enable discovery and reuse, and support workflows throughout the research lifecycle.rkflows throughout the research lifecycle.  +
• '''Dead cells''' dce are characterized by the loss of plasma membrane barrier function. The total cell count (''N''_ce) is the sum of viable cells (''N''_vce) and dead cells (''N''_dce).  +
• '''Density''', mass density ''ρ'' = ''m''· … '''Density''', mass density ''ρ'' = ''m''·''V''^-1 [kg·m^-3], is mass ''m'' divided by volume ''V''. Surface density ''ρ''_A = ''m''·''A''^-1 [kg·m^-2] ([[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI) |SI]]). For a pure [[sample]] S, the mass density ''ρ''_S = ''m''_S·''V''_S^-1 [kg·m^-3] is the [[mass]] ''m'' of pure sample S per [[volume]] ''V''_S of the pure sample. With density ''ρ'' thus defined, the 'amount density' of substance B is ''ρ''_B = ''n''_B·''V''_B^-1 [mol·m^-3]. This is not a commonly used expression, but the inverse is defined as the [[molar volume]] of a pure substance ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |IUPAC]]), ''V''_m,B = ''V''_B·''n''_B^-1 [m³·mol^-1]. The pure sample is a pure gas, pure liquid or pure solid of a defined elementary entity. The amount [[concentration]], ''c''_B = ''n''_B·''V''^-1 [mol·m^-3] is the amount ''n''_B of substance B divided by the volume ''V'' of the mixture ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |IUPAC]]), and this is not called an 'amount density'. The term 'amount density' is reserved for an amount of substance per volume ''V''_S of the pure substance. This explicit distinction between 'density' related to the volume of the ''sample'' and 'concentration' related to the total volume of the ''mixture'' is very helpful to avoid confusion. Further clarification is required in cases, when the mass density ''ρ''_s of the sample in the mixture differs from the mass density ''ρ''_S of the pure sample before mixing. Think of a sample S of pure ethanol with a volume of 1 L at 25 °C, which is mixed with a volume of 1 L of pure water at 25 °C: after the temperature of the mixture has equilibrated to 25 °C, the total volume of the mixture is less than 2 L, such that the volume ''V''_S of 1 L pure ethanol has diminished to a smaller volume ''V''_s of ethanol in the mixture; the density of ethanol in the mixture is higher than the density of pure ethanol (this is incomplete [[additivity]]). The volume ''V''_s of sample s in a mixture is by definition smaller than the total volume ''V'' of the mixture. Sample volume ''V''_S and system volume ''V'' are identical, but this applies only to the case of a ''pure'' sample. ''Concentration'' is related to samples s per total volume ''V'' of the mixture, whereas ''density'' is related to samples S or s per volume ''V''_S = ''V'' or ''V''_s < ''V'', respectively ([[BEC 2020.1]]).  +
• '''Derivative spectroscopy''' can be used … '''Derivative spectroscopy''' can be used to eliminate interfering artefacts or species. A first order derivative will remove a constant background [[absorbance]] across the spectral range. A second order derivative spectrum will remove a species whose absorbance is linearly dependent upon the wavelength, etc..early dependent upon the wavelength, etc..  +
• '''Diapause''' is a preprogrammed form of … '''Diapause''' is a preprogrammed form of developmental arrest that allows animals to survive harsh environmental conditions and may also allow populations to synchronize periods of growth and reproduction with periods of optimal temperatures and adequate water and food. Diapause is ''endogenously'' controlled, and this dormancy typically begins well before conditions become too harsh to support normal growth and development [1,2]. » [[Diapause#Diapause versus quiescence| '''MiPNet article''']][Diapause#Diapause versus quiescence| '''MiPNet article''']]  +
• '''Diffraction gratings''' are [[dispersion devices]] … '''Diffraction gratings''' are [[dispersion devices]] that are made from glass etched with fine grooves, spaced at the same order of magnitude as the wavelength of the light to be dispersed, and then coated with aluminium to reflect the light to the photodiode array. '''Diffraction gratings''' reflect the light in different orders and [[filters]] need to be incorporated to prevent overlapping.to be incorporated to prevent overlapping.  +
• '''Digitonin''' is a mild detergent that p … '''Digitonin''' is a mild detergent that permeabilizes plasma membranes selectively due to their high cholesterol content, whereas mt-membranes with lower cholesterol content are affected only at higher concentrations. Digitonin is a natural product and thus the effective concentration has to be determined by titrations for every batch. The optimum effective digitonin concentrations for complete plasma membrane permeabilization of cultured cells can be determined directly in a respirometric protocol (see: [[SUIT-010 O2 ce-pce D008]]).[[SUIT-010 O2 ce-pce D008]]).  +
• '''Dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase''' is an … '''Dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase''' is an electron transfer complex of the inner mitochondrial membrane, converting dihydro-orotate (Dho) into orotate, and linking electron transfer through the [[Q-junction]] to pyrimidine synthesis and thus to the control of biogenesis.sis and thus to the control of biogenesis.  +
• '''Dihydroethidium''' (also called hydroet … '''Dihydroethidium''' (also called hydroethidine) is a cell permeant fluorescent probe used to analyse superoxide presence. It is a reduced form of ethidium that presents blue fluorescence, and after oxidation by superoxide becomes able to intercalate DNA and emits red fluorescence (excitation wavelength ~518–535 nm, emission ~605–610 nm). It has been used to detect superoxide by HPLC and by fluorescence microscopy.de by HPLC and by fluorescence microscopy.  +
• '''Dimensions''' are defined in the SI {'' … '''Dimensions''' are defined in the SI {''Quote''}: Physical quantities can be organized in a system of dimensions, where the system used is decided by convention. Each of the seven base quantities used in the SI is regarded as having its own dimension. .. All other quantities, with the exception of [[count]]s, are derived quantities, which may be written in terms of base quantities according to the equations of physics. The dimensions of the derived quantities are written as products of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities using the equations that relate the derived quantities to the base quantities.</br></br>There are quantities ''Q'' for which the defining equation is such that all of the dimensional exponents in the equation for the dimension of ''Q'' are zero. This is true in particular for any quantity that is defined as the ratio of two quantities of the same kind. .. There are also some quantities that cannot be described in terms of the seven base quantities of the SI, but have the nature of a [[count]]. Examples are a number of molecules, a number of cellular or biomolecular entities (for example copies of a particular nucleic acid sequence), or degeneracy in quantum mechanics. Counting quantities are also quantities with the associated unit one. {''end of Quote'': p 136, [[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI)]]}[[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI)]]}  +
• '''Dimethyl sulfoxide''' is a polar aproti … '''Dimethyl sulfoxide''' is a polar aprotic solvent that dissolves both polar and nonpolar compounds and is miscible in a wide range of organic solvents as well as water. DMSO may also be used as a cryoprotectant, added to cell media to reduce ice formation and thereby prevent cell death during the freezing process.nt cell death during the freezing process.  +
• '''Dinitrochlorobenzene (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene)''' (DNCB) is a glutathione (GSH) inhibitor.  +
• '''Display DatLab help''' In this section … '''Display DatLab help'''</br></br>In this section, we present some issues that could happen during your data analysis related to the graphs display and how to fix them quickly.</br></br>Case in which an issue might occur:</br></br>::* While analysing your data, trying to close the program while the graph is still being loaded. If you cancel the closing window, the graph will not be loaded at the screen.</br></br>In the event of a frozen display of the graphs, try the alternatives below:</br></br>::* Click on: Graph > Autoscale time axis</br>::* Click on: Graph > Scaling (F6); then press OK to confirm the scaling and induce the program to reload the graphs (no changes in the graphs are required). graphs (no changes in the graphs are required).  +
• '''Dyscoupled respiration''' is [[LEAK respiration]] … '''Dyscoupled respiration''' is [[LEAK respiration]] distinguished from intrinsically (physiologically) uncoupled and from extrinsic experimentally [[Uncoupler|uncoupled]] respiration as an indication of extrinsic uncoupling (pathological, toxicological, pharmacological by agents that are not specifically applied to induce uncoupling, but are tested for their potential dyscoupling effect). Dyscoupling indicates a mitochondrial dysfunction. </br></br>In addition to intrinsic uncoupling, dyscoupling occurs under pathological and toxicological conditions. Thus a distinction is made between physiological uncoupling and pathologically defective dyscoupling in mitochondrial respiration. dyscoupling in mitochondrial respiration.  +
• '''Ectotherms''' are organisms whose body temperatures conform to the thermal environment. In many cases, therefore, ectotherms are [[poicilotherms | poicilothermic]].  +
• '''Editorial board participation''' is a topic addressed in [[COPE core practices for research]].  +
• '''Electric current density''' is [[current]] divided by area, ''j''=''I''·''A''^-1 [C·m^-2]. Compare: [[density]].  +
• '''Electron flow''' through the mitochondr … '''Electron flow''' through the mitochondrial [[Electron transfer pathway]] (ET-pahway) is the scalar component of chemical reactions in oxidative phosphorylation ([[OXPHOS]]). Electron flow is most conveniently measured as oxygen consumption (oxygraphic measurement of [[oxygen flow]]), with four electrons being taken up when oxygen (O₂) is reduced to water.xygen (O₂) is reduced to water.  +
• '''Electron-transferring flavoprotein Comp … '''Electron-transferring flavoprotein Complex''' (CETF) is a respiratory Complex localized at the matrix face of the inner mitochondrial membrane, supplies electrons to Q, and is thus an enzyme Complex of the mitochondrial [[Electron transfer pathway]] (ET-pathway). CETF links the ß-oxidation cycle with the membrane-bound electron transfer system in [[fatty acid oxidation]] (FAO).[fatty acid oxidation]] (FAO).  +
• '''Electronic-TIP2k Upgrading\O2k-Main Unit Series A-D - Former Product ''': not required for [[O2k-Core]], the [[O2k-Main Unit]] has to be returned to the OROBOROS workshop.  +
• '''Electronic-TIP2k Upgrading\O2k-Main Uni … '''Electronic-TIP2k Upgrading\O2k-Main Unit Series E - Former Series ''': not required for [[O2k-Core]], free of charge for Series E in conjunction with the purchase of the [[TIP2k-Module]], the [[O2k-Main Unit]] has to be returned to the OROBOROS workshop.s to be returned to the OROBOROS workshop.  +
• '''Enable DL-Protocol editing''' is a nove … '''Enable DL-Protocol editing''' is a novel function of DatLab 7.4 offering a new feature in DL-Protocols: flexibility. Fixed sequences of events and marks can be changed (Skip/Added) in a SUIT protocol by the user. Moreover, the text, instructions, concentrations and titration volumes of injections in a specific DL-Protocol can be edited and saved as [[Export_DL-Protocol_User_(*.DLPU)| user-specific DL-Protocol]] [File]\Export\DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU). To enable it, under the 'Protocols' tab in the menu, select the option 'Enable DL-Protocol editing', and then select the plot in which the marks will be set (''e.g.,'' O2 flux per V). Select the 'Overview' window, where you will be able to edit events and marks names, definition/state, final concentration and titration volumes, as well as select a mark as 'multi' for multiple titration steps, skip a mark, or add a new event or mark. After saving, [[Export_DL-Protocol_User_(*.DLPU)|export a DL-Protocol User (DLPU)]] and load it before running the next experiments. If users of DatLab versions older than DatLab 7.4 wish to alter the nature of the chemicals used or the sequence of injections, we ask them to [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/o2k-technical-support/ contact the O2k-Technical Support].</br></br>For more information:</br>[[Image:PlayVideo.jpg|50px|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vd66dHx-MyI]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vd66dHx-MyI Export DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU)]6dHx-MyI Export DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU)]  +
• '''Endergonic''' transformations or proces … '''Endergonic''' transformations or processes can proceed in the forward direction only by coupling to an [[exergonic]] process with a driving force more negative than the positive force of the endergonic process. The backward direction of an endergonic process is exergonic. The distinction between endergonic and [[endothermic]] processes is at the heart of [[ergodynamics]], emphasising the concept of [[exergy]] changes, linked to the performance of [[work]], in contrast to [[enthalpy]] changes, linked to [[heat]] or thermal processes, the latter expression being terminologically linked to ''thermodynamics''.inologically linked to ''thermodynamics''.  +
• '''Endothermy''' is the constant regulation of body temperature by metabolic heat production and control of heat exchange with the environment.  +
• '''Energy saving in research''' must rank … '''Energy saving in research''' must rank as a priority of social responsibility — ever since the [[Club of Rome]] published 50 years ago the seminal book on ''The limits to growth'' (1972) [1], and more so today in face of the global threat of climate change and the russian war in aggression against Ukraine.</br></br>Energy saving in research does not and must not clash with quality in research. Application of high-quality and predefined [[MitoPedia: SUIT |experimental protocols]] combined with evaluation of [[Replica |repeatability]] and [[Repetitions |reproducibility]] represents primary strategies for energy saving in research. Publication of irreproducible results — adding to the [[reproducibility crisis]] — is the most wasteful aspect of research in terms of resources including [[energy]] (more properly: [[exergy]]). [[Paywall journalism]] is wasteful in terms of financial resources. Dramatically increasing numbers of scientific publications is a pathway towards waste of energy [2]. </br></br>Besides large-scale strategies on e(n)xergy saving in research — quality versus quantity —, everybody's everyday contributions to energy saving count: to cut greenhouse gas emissions, save biological and geological diversity, and improve equality across societies, gender, continents, and countries.</br></br>Do scientists take responsibility for energy saving? Or does biomedical research merely find excuses? Scientific institutions in academia and industry must implement energy saving strategies to reduce waste according to the European Union's [https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive_en Energy efficiency directive], and to consume less energy (exergy) by using it more efficiently ([https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-targets_en Energy efficiency targets]).</br></br>Possible — important but much neglected — contributions include:</br>* Re-use materials as a superior strategy than recycling, and reduce application of disposable items.</br>* Reduce waste in cleaning procedures, but do not compromise the [[MiPNet19.03 O2k-cleaning and ISS |quality of cleaning procedures]].</br>* Replace inefficient equipment (e.g. water baths) by efficient electronic [[O2k-Peltier Temperature Control |Peltier temperature control]].</br>* Select conferences that you attend by evaluating their 'green deal' strategy. Combine in a single trip participation in a conference and possibly offered satellite events.</br>* Turn off non-essential equipment; reduce energy-wasting stand-by modes; turn off computer screens and other equipment at the mains when not in use. The monitor consumes over half of the energy used by the average computer. Lower your screen brightness.</br>* Turn off the lights when you do not gain from extra illumination, when you leave the lab during the day or at the end of every day.</br>* Reduce heating of the rooms to 19 °C, cooling of rooms to 25 °C. Apply energy-efficient heating and cooling strategies.</br>* Define your personal energy saving targets at homeoffice and in your workplace.</br>* Contact your energy quality manager, to suggest improvement of infrastructure and guidelines that help you and other members in the team to comply with energy saving targets.team to comply with energy saving targets.  +
• '''Enthalpy''', ''H'' [J], can under condi … '''Enthalpy''', ''H'' [J], can under conditions of constant gas pressure neither be destroyed nor created (first law of thermodynamics: d_i''H''/d''t'' = 0). The distinction between enthalpy and [[internal-energy]] of a system is due to external pressure-volume [[work]] carried out reversibly at constant gas pressure. The enthalpy change of the system, d''H'', at constant pressure, is the internal-energy change, d''U'', minus reversible pressure-volume work,</br> d''H'' = d''U'' - d_''V''''W''</br>Pressure-volume work, d_''V''''W'', at constant pressure, is the gas pressure, ''p'' [Pa = J·m^-3], times change of volume, d''V'' [m³],</br> d_''V''''W'' = -''p''·d''V'' [J]</br>The ''available'' work, d_e''W'', is distinguished from external total work, d_et''W'', [1]</br> d_e''W'' = d_et''W'' - d_''V''''W''</br>The change of enthalpy of a system is due to internal and external changes,</br> d''H'' = d_i''H'' + d_e''H''</br>Since d_i''H'' = 0 (first law of thermodynamics), the d''H'' is balanced by exchange of heat, work, and matter, </br> d''H'' = (d_e''Q'' + d_e''W'') + d_mat''H'' ; d''p'' = 0 </br>The exchange of matter is expressed in enthalpy equivalents with respect to a [[reference state]] (formation, f, or combustion, c). The value of d''H'' in an open system, therefore, depends on the arbitrary choice of the reference state. In contrast, the terms in parentheses are the sum of all (total, t) partial energy transformations,</br> d_t''H'' = (d_e''Q'' + d_e''W'')</br>A partial enthalpy change of transformation, d_tr''H'', is distinguished from the total enthalpy change of all transformations, d_t''H'', and from the enthalpy change of the system, d''H''. In a closed system, d''H'' = d_t''H''. The enthalpy change of transformation is the sum of the [[Gibbs energy]] (free energy) change of transformation, d_tr''G'', and the [[bound energy]] change of transformation at constant temperature and pressure, d_tr''B'' = ''T''·d''S'',</br> d_tr''H'' = d_tr''G'' + d_tr''B''bound energy]] change of transformation at constant temperature and pressure, d_tr''B'' = ''T''·d''S'', d_tr''H'' = d_tr''G'' + d_tr''B''  +
• '''Ethics on publishing''' follow [https:/ … '''Ethics on publishing''' follow [https://publicationethics.org/core-practices COPE's guidelines] (or equivalent). A journal's policy on publishing ethics should be clearly visible on its website, and should refer to: (1) Journal policies on authorship and contributorship; (2) How the journal will handle complaints and appeals; (3) Journal policies on conflicts of interest / competing interests; (4) Journal policies on data sharing and reproducibility; (5) Journal's policy on ethical oversight; (6) Journal's policy on intellectual property; and (7) Journal's options for post-publication discussions and corrections.t-publication discussions and corrections.  +
• '''Ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid''' (EGTA) is a chelator for heavy metals, with high affinity for Ca²⁺ but low affinity for Mg²⁺. Sigma E 4378.  +
• '''Etomoxir''' (Eto; 2[6(4-chlorophenoxy)h … '''Etomoxir''' (Eto; 2[6(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate) is an irreversible inhibitor of [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase I]] (CPT-I) on the outer face of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Eto inhibits [[fatty acid oxidation]] by blocking the formation of acyl carnitines from long-chain fatty acids which require the carnitine shuttle for transport into mitochondria. In contrast to long-chain fatty acids, the transport of short- and medium-chain fatty acids is carnitine-independent.hain fatty acids is carnitine-independent.  +
• '''Exergonic''' transformations or process … '''Exergonic''' transformations or processes can spontaneously proceed in the forward direction, entailing the irreversible loss of the potential to performe [[work]] (''erg'') with the implication of a positive internal [[entropy production]]. [[Ergodynamic equilibrium]] is obtained when an exergonic (partial) process is compensated by a coupled [[endergonic]] (partial) process, such that the Gibbs energy change of the total transformation is zero. Final [[thermodynamic equilibrium]] is reached when all exergonic processes are exhausted and all [[force]]s are zero. The backward direction of an exergonic process is endergonic. The distinction between exergonic and [[exothermic]] processes is at the heart of [[ergodynamics]], emphasising the concept of [[exergy]] changes, linked to the performance of [[work]], in contrast to [[enthalpy]] changes, linked to [[heat]] or thermal processes, the latter expression being terminologically linked to ''thermo''dynamics.inologically linked to ''thermo''dynamics.  +
• '''Exergy''' includes external and interna … '''Exergy''' includes external and internal [[work]]. Exergy as the external work is defined in the First Law of thermodynamics as a specific form of [[energy]]. Exergy as the dissipated Gibbs or Helmholtz energy is the irreversibly dissipated (internal) loss of the potential of performing work as defined in the Second Law of Thermodynamics. </br></br>Changes of exergy d''G'' plus [[bound energy]] yield the [[enthalpy]] change:</br></br> d''H'' = d''G'' + ''T''∙d''S'' = d''G'' + d''B'' = d''G'' + ''T''∙d''S'' = d''G'' + d''B''  +
• '''Experimental log''' provides an automat … '''Experimental log''' provides an automatically generated experimental protocol with detailed information about the O2k settings and calibrations, the [[Sample - DatLab|Sample]] information and various [[Events - DatLab |Events]]. Time-dependent information can be viewed for a single chamber or both chambers. The filter can be selected for viewing minimum information, intermittent by default, or all information. The experimental log can be viewed and saved as a PDF file by clicking on [Preview].ed as a PDF file by clicking on [Preview].  +
• '''Export as CSV''' (*.csv) exports plots and events to a text file for further use in Excel and other programs.  +
• '''Extensive quantities''' pertain to a to … '''Extensive quantities''' pertain to a total system, e.g. [[oxygen flow]]. An extensive quantity increases proportional with system size. The magnitude of an extensive quantity is completely additive for non-interacting subsystems, such as mass or flow expressed per defined system. The magnitude of these quantities depends on the extent or size of the system ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |Cohen et al 2008]]).[[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |Cohen et al 2008]]).  +
• '''External flows''' across the system boundaries are formally reversible. Their irreversible facet is accounted for internally as transformations in a heterogenous system ([[internal flow]]s, ''I''_i).  +
• '''Extrinsic fluorophores''' are molecules … '''Extrinsic fluorophores''' are molecules labelled with a fluorescent dye (as opposed to intrinsic fluorescence or autofluorescence of molecules which does not require such labelling). They are available for a wide range of parameters including ROS (H₂O₂, [[Amplex red]]) (HOO^-, MitoSOX) , mitochondrial membrane potential ([[Safranin]], JC1, [[TMRM]], [[Rhodamine 123]]), Ca²⁺ ([[Fura2]], Indo 1, [[Calcium Green]]), pH (Fluorescein, HPTS, SNAFL-1), Mg²⁺ ([[Magnesium Green]]) and redox state (roGFP).[[Magnesium Green]]) and redox state (roGFP).  +
• '''F1000Research''' is an Open Research pu … '''F1000Research''' is an Open Research publishing platform for life scientists, offering immediate publication of articles and other research outputs without editorial bias. All articles benefit from transparent peer review and the inclusion of all source data. It is thus not a preprint server, but posters and slides can be published without author fees. Published posters and slides receive a DOI ([[digital object identifier]]) and become citable after a very basic check by our in-house editors. very basic check by our in-house editors.  +
• '''FCCP''' (Carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoro-m … '''FCCP''' (Carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoro-methoxyphenyl hydrazone, C₁₀H₅F₃N₄O) is a protonophore or [[uncoupler]]: added at uncoupler concentration U_''c''; ''c'' is the [[optimum uncoupler concentration]] in titrations to obtain maximum mitochondrial respiration in the [[noncoupled respiration|noncoupled]] state of [[ET capacity]].[[ET capacity]].  +
• '''Fatty acid oxidation''' is a multi-step … '''Fatty acid oxidation''' is a multi-step process by which [[fatty acid]]s are broken down in [[β-oxidation]] to generate acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH₂ for further electron transfer to CoQ. Whereas NADH is the substrate of CI, FADH₂ is the substrate of [[electron-transferring flavoprotein complex]] (CETF) which is localized on the matrix face of the mtIM, and supplies electrons from FADH₂ to CoQ. Before the ß-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix, fatty acids (short-chain with 1-6, medium-chain with 7–12, long-chain with >12 carbon atoms) are activated by fatty acyl-CoA synthases (thiokinases) in the cytosol. For the mitochondrial transport of long-chain fatty acids the mtOM-enzyme [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase I]] (CPT-1; considered as a rate-limiting step in FAO) is required which generates an acyl-carnitine intermediate from acyl-CoA and carnitine. In the next step, an integral mtIM protein [[carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase]] (CACT) catalyzes the entrance of acyl-carnitines into the mitochondrial matrix in exchange for free carnitines. In the inner side of the mtIM, another enzyme [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2]] (CPT-2) converts the acyl-carnitines to carnitine and acyl-CoAs, which undergo ß-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids do not require the carnitine shuttle for mitochondrial transport. [[Octanoate]], but not [[palmitate]], (eight- and 16-carbon saturated fatty acids) may pass the mt-membranes, but both are frequently supplied to mt-preparations in the activated form of [[octanoylcarnitine]] or [[palmitoylcarnitine]].mitoylcarnitine]].  +
• '''Fatty acids''' are carboxylic acids wit … '''Fatty acids''' are carboxylic acids with a carbon aliphatic chain. The fatty acids can be divided by the length of this chain, being considered as short-chain (1–6 carbons), medium-chain (7–12 carbons) and long-chain and very long-chain fatty acids (>12 carbons).</br>Long-chain fatty acids must be bound to [[Carnitine|carnitine]] to enter the mitochondrial matrix, in a reaction that can be catalysed by [[Carnitine acyltransferase|carnitine acyltransferase]]. For this reason, long-chain fatty acids, such as [[Palmitate|palmitate]] (16 carbons) is frequently supplied to mt-preparations in the activated form of [[Palmitoylcarnitine|palmitoylcarnitine]].</br>Fatty acids with shorter chains, as [[Octanoate|octanoate]] (8 carbons) may enter the mitochondrial matrix, however, in HRR they are more frequently supplied also in the activated form, such as [[Octanoylcarnitine|octanoylcarnitine]].</br></br>Once in the mitochondrial matrix, the [[Fatty acid oxidation|fatty acid oxidation]] (FAO) occurs, generating acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH2. In the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state|fatty acid oxidation pathway control state]] electrons are fed into the [[F-junction]] involving the [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF). FAO cannot proceed without a substrate combination of fatty acids & malate, and inhibition of CI blocks FAO. Low concentration of [[malate]], typically 0.1 mM, does not saturate the [[N-pathway]]; but saturates the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state |F-pathway]].tty acid oxidation pathway control state |F-pathway]].  +
• '''Fermentation''' is the process of [[energy metabolism]] … '''Fermentation''' is the process of [[energy metabolism]] used to supply ATP, where redox balance is maintained with internally produced electron acceptors (such as pyruvate or fumarate), without the use of external electron acceptors (such as O₂). Fermentation thus contrasts with [[cell respiration]] and is an [[anaerobic]] process, but aerobic fermentation may proceed in the presence of oxygen.ic fermentation may proceed in the presence of oxygen.  +
• '''File search''' yields a list of all fil … '''File search''' yields a list of all files labelled by the experimental code in a selected directory . Click on the file to preview the experimental log. With '''File Search''' you can search in all folders and subfolders on your computer for DatLab files with a selected experimental code. The experimental code is entered in the DatLab file in the window "Experiment" ([F3]). When you click on a folder and press the button search, the DatLab file names will appear on the right window. Click on a DatLab file and further information (e.g. Sample information, Background information) will appear in the window below.ormation) will appear in the window below.  +
• '''Filters''' are materials that have wave … '''Filters''' are materials that have wavelength-dependent transmission characteristics. They are can be used to select the wavelength range of the light emerging from a [[light source]], or the range entering the [[detector]], having passed through the sample. In particular they are used in [[fluorometry]] to exclude wavelengths greater than the excitation wavelength from reaching the sample, preventing absorption interfering with the emitted [[fluorescence]]. Standard '''filters''' can also be used for calibrating purposes.can also be used for calibrating purposes.  +
• '''Flavin adenine dinucleotide''', FAD and … '''Flavin adenine dinucleotide''', FAD and FADH₂, is an oxidation-reduction [[prosthetic group]] (redox cofactor; compare [[NADH]]). FMN and FAD are the prosthetic groups of flavoproteins (flavin dehydrogenases). [[Electron-transfer-pathway state |Type F substrates]] (fatty acids) generate FADH₂, the substrate of [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF). Thus FADH₂ forms a junction or funnel of electron transfer to CETF, the [[F-junction]] (compare [[N-junction]], [[Q-junction]]), in the [[F-pathway control state]]. In contrast, FADH₂ is not the substrate but the internal product of [[succinate dehydrogenase]] (CII). FAD is the oxidized (quinone) form, which is reduced to FADH₂ (hydroquinone form) by accepting two electrons and two protons.educed to FADH₂ (hydroquinone form) by accepting two electrons and two protons.  +
• '''Flavonoids''' are a group of bioactive … '''Flavonoids''' are a group of bioactive polyphenols with potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, abundant in fruits and vegetables, and in some medicinal herbs. Flavonoids are synthesized in plants from phenylalanine. Dietary intake of flavonoids as nutraceuticals is discussed for targeting T2D and other degenerative diseases.eting T2D and other degenerative diseases.  +
• '''Fluorescence''' is the name given to li … '''Fluorescence''' is the name given to light emitted by a substance when it is illuminated (excited) by light at a shorter wavelength. The [[incident light]] causes an electron transition to a higher energy band in the molecules. The electron then spontaneously returns to its original energy state emitting a photon. The intensity of the emitted light is proportional to the concentration of the substance. Fluorescence is one form of [[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.[[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.  +
• '''Fluorometry''' (or [[fluorimetry]]) is the general term given to the method of measuring the fluorescent emission of a substance following excitation by light at a shorter wavelength.  +
• '''Flux / Slope''' is the time derivative … '''Flux / Slope''' is the time derivative of the signal. In [[DatLab]], Flux / Slope is the name of the pull-down menu for (1) normalization of flux (chamber volume-specific flux, sample-specific flux or flow, or flux control ratios), (2) [[flux baseline correction]], (3) [[Instrumental background oxygen flux]], and (4) [[flux smoothing]], selection of the [[scaling factor]], and stoichiometric normalization using a stoichiometric coefficient.</br>Before changing the normalization of flux from volume-specific flux to sample-specific flux or flow, or flux control ratios, please be sure to use the standard Layout 04a (Flux per volume) or 04b (Flux per volume overlay). When starting with the instrumental standard Layouts 1-3, which display the O2 slope negative, the sample-specific flux or flow, or flux control ratios will not be automatically background corrected. To obtain the background corrected specific flux or flux control ratios, it is needed to tick the background correction in the lower part of the slope configuration window. Background correction is especially critical when performing measurements in a high oxygen regime or using samples with a low respiratory flux or flow.mples with a low respiratory flux or flow.  +
• '''Flux baseline correction''' provides th … '''Flux baseline correction''' provides the option to display the plot and all values of the [[flux]] (or [[flow]], or [[flux control ratio]]) as the total flux, ''J'', minus a baseline flux, ''J''₀.</br> ''J_V''(bc) = ''J_V'' - ''J_V''₀</br> ''J_V'' = (d''c''/d''t'') · ''ν''^-1 · ''SF'' - ''J°_V''</br>For the oxygen channel, ''J_V'' is O2 flux per volume [pmol/(s·ml)] (or volume-specific O₂ flux), ''c'' is the oxygen concentration [nmol/ml = µmol/l = µM], d''c''/d''t'' is the (positive) slope of oxygen concentration over time [nmol/(s · ml)], ''ν''^-1 = -1 is the stoichiometric coefficient for the reaction of oxygen consumption (oxygen is removed in the chemical reaction, thus the stoichiometric coefficient is negative, expressing oxygen flux as the negative slope), ''SF''=1,000 is the scaling factor (converting units for the amount of oxygen from nmol to pmol), and ''J°_V'' is the volume-specific background oxygen flux ([[Instrumental background oxygen flux]]). ''Further details'': [[Flux / Slope]].lope]].  +
• '''Flux control efficiencies''' express th … '''Flux control efficiencies''' express the control of respiration by a [[metabolic control variable]], ''X'', as a fractional change of flux from ''Y_X'' to ''Z_X'', normalized for ''Z_X''. ''Z_X'' is the [[reference state]] with high (stimulated or un-inhibited) flux; ''Y_X'' is the [[background state]] at low flux, upon which ''X'' acts.</br></br>:: ''j_Z-Y'' = (''Z_X-Y_X'')/''Z_X'' = 1-''Y_X''/''Z_X''</br></br>Complementary to the concept of [[flux control ratio]]s and analogous to [[elasticity|elasticities]] of [[metabolic control analysis]], the flux control efficiency of ''X'' upon background ''Y_X'' is expressed as the change of flux from ''Y_X'' to ''Z_X'' normalized for the reference state ''Z_X''.</br>» [[Flux_control_efficiency#Flux_control_efficiency:_normalization_of_mitochondrial_respiration | '''MiPNet article''']][Flux_control_efficiency#Flux_control_efficiency:_normalization_of_mitochondrial_respiration | '''MiPNet article''']]  +
• '''Flux control ratios''' ''FCR''s are rat … '''Flux control ratios''' ''FCR''s are ratios of oxygen flux in different respiratory control states, normalized for maximum flux in a common reference state, to obtain theoretical lower and upper limits of 0.0 and 1.0 (0 % and 100 %). </br></br>For a given protocol or set of respiratory protocols, flux control ratios provide a fingerprint of coupling and substrate control independent of (''1'') mt-content in cells or tissues, (''2'') purification in preparations of isolated mitochondria, and (''3'') assay conditions for determination of tissue mass or mt-markers external to a respiratory protocol (CS, protein, stereology, etc.). ''FCR'' obtained from a single respirometric incubation with sequential titrations (sequential protocol; [[SUIT|SUIT protocol]]) provide an internal normalization, expressing respiratory control independent of mitochondrial content and thus independent of a marker for mitochondrial amount. ''FCR'' obtained from separate (parallel) protocols depend on equal distribution of subsamples obtained from a homogenous mt-preparation or determination of a common [[mitochondrial marker]].[[mitochondrial marker]].  +
• '''Flux''', ''J'', is a [[specific quantity]] … '''Flux''', ''J'', is a [[specific quantity]]. Flux is [[flow]], ''I'' [MU·s^-1 per system] (an [[extensive quantity]]), divided by system size. Flux (''e.g.'', [[oxygen flux]]) may be volume-specific (flow per volume [MU·s^-1·L^-1]), mass-specific (flow per mass [MU·s^-1·kg^-1]), or marker-specific (e.g. flow per mtEU). The [[motive unit]] [MU] of chemical flow or flux is the advancement of reaction [mol] in the chemical format.ive unit]] [MU] of chemical flow or flux is the advancement of reaction [mol] in the chemical format.  +
• '''Force''' is an [[intensive quantity]] … '''Force''' is an [[intensive quantity]]. The product of force times [[advancement]] is the [[work]] (exergy) expended in a process or transformation. Force times flow is [[power]] [W].</br># The '''fundamental forces''' '''''F''''' of physics are the gravitational, electroweak (combining electromagnetic and weak nuclear) and strong nuclear forces. These gradient-forces are vectors with spatial direction interacting with the motive particle ''X'', d_'''m''''''''F'''''_''X'' [N ≡ J∙m^-1 = m∙kg∙s^-2]. These forces describe the interaction between particles as [[vector]]s with direction of a [[gradient]] in space, causing a change in the motion ([[acceleration]]) of the particles in the spatial direction of the force. The force acts at a distance, and the distance covered is the advancement. If a force is counteracted by another force of equal magnitude but opposite direction, the accelerating effects of the two forces are balanced such that the velocity of the particle does not change and no work is done beyond the interaction between the two counteracting forces. The total net force is partitioned into ''partial'' forces, and the counteracting force may be called ''resistance''. If the resistance is entirely due to frictional effects, then no work is done and the exergy is completely dissipated.</br># '''Isomorphic forces''' can be derived from (''1'') the fundamental forces or (''2'') statistical distributions if large numbers of particles are involved. The isomorphic forces are known as 'generalized' forces of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. An isomorphic '''motive force''', Δ_tr''F''_''X'', in thermodynamics or ergodynamics is the partial Gibbs (Helmholtz) energy change per advancement of a transformation (tr). </br>## In [[continuous system]]s accessible to the analysis of gradients, the '''motive vector forces''', d_'''m''''''''F'''''_''X'' (units: newton per amount of particles ''X'' [N∙mol^-1] or per coulombs of particles [N∙C^-1]), are vectors interacting with the motive particles ''X''.</br>## In [[discontinuous system]]s that consist of compartments separated by a semipermeable membrane, the '''compartmental motive forces''' are stoichiometric potential differences (∆) across a boundary of zero thickness, distinguished as isomorphic motive forces, ∆_tr''F''_''X'', with compartmental instead of spatial direction of the energy transformation, tr. The motive forces are expressed in various [[motive unit]]s, MU [J∙MU^-1], depending on the energy transformation under study and on the unit chosen to express the motive entity ''X'' and advancement of the process. For the protonmotive force the proton is the motive entity, which can be expressed in a variety of formats with different MU (coulomb, mole, or particle).ntity ''X'' and advancement of the process. For the protonmotive force the proton is the motive entity, which can be expressed in a variety of formats with different MU (coulomb, mole, or particle).  +
• '''Free activity''' ''α_{X</su … '''Free activity''' ''α_X'' [MU·m^-3] is [[pressure]] divided by isomorphic [[force]]. In the chemical [[amount]] format, ''α_X'' is expressed in units of concentration of ''X'' [mol·L^-1]. ''α_X'' is the local concentration in a concentration gradient. If the concentration gradient is collapsed to a boundary of zero thickness in a compartmental system, ''α_X'' reflects the singularity in the transition between the two phases or compartments., ''α_X'' reflects the singularity in the transition between the two phases or compartments.  +
• '''Fumarase''' or fumarate hydratase (FH) is an enzyme of the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]] catalyzing the equilibrium reaction between [[fumarate]] and [[malate]]. Fumarase is found not only in mitochondria, but also in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotes.  +
• '''Fura2''' is a ratiometric fluorescence … '''Fura2''' is a ratiometric fluorescence probe for the measurement of calcium. Its derivative Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester (Fura2-AM) is membrane permable and can thus be used to measure intracellular free calcium concentration (Grynkiewicz et al., 1985). For this purpose, cells are incubated with Fura2-AM, which crosses the cell membrane by diffusion and is cleaved into free Fura2 and acetoxymethyl groups by cellular esterases. Intracellular free calcium is measured by exciting the dye at 340 nm and 380 nm, which are the excitation optima of calcium-bound and free Fura2, respectively, and emission detection above 500 nm. Through the ratiometric detection unequal distribution of the dye within the cell and other potential disturbances are largely cancelled out, making this a widely used and relatively reliable tool for calcium measurements.ly reliable tool for calcium measurements.  +
• '''Gibbs energy''' ''G'' [J] is [[exergy]] … '''Gibbs energy''' ''G'' [J] is [[exergy]] which cannot be created internally (subscript i), but in contrast to [[internal-energy]] (d_i''U''/d''t'' = 0) is not conserved but is dissipated (d_i''G''/d''t'' < 0) in irreversible energy transformations at constant temperature and (barometric) pressure, ''T'',''p''. Exergy is available as [[work]] in reversible energy transformations (100 % [[efficiency]]), and can be partially conserved when the [[exergonic]] transformation is coupled to an [[endergonic]] transformation.[[endergonic]] transformation.  +
• '''Glucose''', also known as D-glucose or dextrose, is a monosaccharide and an important carbohydrate in biology. Cells use it as the primary source of energy and a metabolic intermediate.  +
• '''Glutamate dehydrogenase''', located in … '''Glutamate dehydrogenase''', located in the mitochondrial matrix (mtGDH), is an enzyme that converts [[glutamate]] to α-ketoglutarate [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_dehydrogenase]. mtGDH is not part of the TCA cycle, but is involved in [[glutaminolysis]] as an [[anaplerosis |anaplerotic reaction]].[anaplerosis |anaplerotic reaction]].  +
• '''Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex' … '''Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex''' (CGpDH) is a Complex of the electron transfer-pathway localized at the outer face of the mt-inner membrane. CGpDH is thus distinguished from cytosolic GpDH. CGpDH oxidizes [[glycerophosphate]] to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and feeds two electrons into the [[Q-junction]], thus linked to an [[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET pathway level 3 control state]].[[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET pathway level 3 control state]].  +
• '''Glycerophosphate''' (synonym: α-glycero … '''Glycerophosphate''' (synonym: α-glycerophosphate; glycerol-3-phosphate; C₃H₉O₆P) is an organophosphate and it is a component of glycerophospholipids. The mitochondrial [[Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase Complex]] oxidizes glycerophosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and feeds electrons directly to ubiquinone.hate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and feeds electrons directly to ubiquinone.  +
• '''H2DCFDA''' (dichlorodihydrofluorescein … '''H2DCFDA''' (dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) is a cell permeant fluorescent probe that has been used as an indicator of ROS presence. It is a reduced form of fluorescein that does not present fluorescence. After entry in the cell, it suffers deacetylation by intracellular esterases, and upon oxidation it is converted to dichlorofluorescein (excitation wavelength ~492–495 nm, emission ~517–527 nm). It may be oxidised by hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, hypochlorite anion, nitric oxide, peroxyl radical, peroxynitrite, singlet oxygen and superoxide. Has been used as a general indicator of ROS by fluorescence microscopy.dicator of ROS by fluorescence microscopy.  +
• '''Harmonization''' is the process of minimizing redundant or conflicting [[standard]]s which may have evolved independently. To obtain a common basis in reaching a defined objective, critical [[requirement]]s are identified that need to be retained.  +
• '''Harmonized European norms''' are [[norm]]s valid for all members of the European Union. They are mandatory parts of the individual national collections of norms.  +
• '''Harmonized [[SUIT protocols]] … '''Harmonized [[SUIT protocols]]''' (H-SUIT) are designed to include [[cross-linked respiratory states]]. When performing harmonized SUIT protocols in parallel, measurements of cross-linked respiratory states can be statistically evaluated as replicates across protocols. Additional information is obtained on respiratory coupling and substrate control by including respiratory states that are not common (not cross-linked) across the harmonized protocols.s-linked) across the harmonized protocols.  +
• '''Healthy ageing''': 'WHO has released th … '''Healthy ageing''': 'WHO has released the first World report on ageing and health, reviewing current knowledge and gaps and providing a public health framework for action. The report is built around a redefinition of healthy ageing that centres on the notion of functional ability: the combination of the intrinsic capacity of the individual, relevant environmental characteristics, and the interactions between the individual and these characteristics' (Beard 2016 The Lancet). characteristics' (Beard 2016 The Lancet).  +
• '''Heat''' is a form of [[energy]] … '''Heat''' is a form of [[energy]] [J]. The relationship between heat and [[work]] provides the foundation of thermodynamics, which describes transformations from an initial to a final state of a system. In energy transformations heat may pass through the boundary of the system, at an external heat flow of d_e''Q''/d''t''.al heat flow of d_e''Q''/d''t''.  +
• '''Heterothermy''' is the variable regulat … '''Heterothermy''' is the variable regulation of body temperature in [[endothermy | endotherms]] which can change their body temperatures as levels of activity and environmental conditions dictate (e.g. hibernators). In '''regional heterothermy''', temperature gradients are present, e.g. between body core and extremeties.t, e.g. between body core and extremeties.  +
• '''Homeothermy''' is the stable regulation of body temperature in [[endothermy | endotherms]] by metabolic heat production and control of heat exchange with the environment, or in [[ectotherms]] by behavioural means to select a stable thermal environment.  +
• '''Horseradish peroxidase''' readily combines with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and the resultant [HRP-H₂O₂] complex can oxidize a wide variety of hydrogen donors.  +
• '''Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S)''' is involved in signaling and may have have further biological importance.  +
• '''Hydron''' is the general name for the cation H⁺ used without regard to the nuclear mass of the hydrogen entity (H is the hydro group), either for H in its natural abundance or without distinction between the isotopes.  +
• '''Hydroxycinnamate''' (alpha-cyano-4-hydr … '''Hydroxycinnamate''' (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) is an inhibitor of the [[pyruvate carrier]] (0.65 mM). Above 10 mM [[pyruvate]], hydroxycinnamate cannot inhibit respiration from pyruvate, since the weak pyruvic acid can pass the inner mt-membrane in non-dissociated form.inner mt-membrane in non-dissociated form.  +
• '''Hyperoxia''' is defined as environmenta … '''Hyperoxia''' is defined as environmental oxygen pressure above the [[normoxic]] reference level. Cellular and intracellular hyperoxia is imposed on isolated cells and isolated mitochondria at air-level oxygen pressures which are higher compared to cellular and intracellular oxygen pressures under tissue conditions in vivo. Hyperoxic conditions may impose oxidative stress and may increase maximum aerobic performance. may increase maximum aerobic performance.  +
• '''Hyperthermia''' in [[endothermy | endotherms]] … '''Hyperthermia''' in [[endothermy | endotherms]] is a state of stressful up to lethal elevated body core temperature. In humans, the limit of hyperthermia (fever) is considered as >38.3 °C, compared to [[normothermia]] at a body temperature of 36.5 to 37.5 °C.[normothermia]] at a body temperature of 36.5 to 37.5 °C.  +
• '''Hyphenation''' is used to connect two w … '''Hyphenation''' is used to connect two words (compound words) or two parts of a word to clarify the meaning of a sentence. The same two words may be hyphenated or not depending on context. Hyphenation may present a problem when searching for a term such as '[[Steady state]]'. It is helpful to write 'steady-state measurement', to clarify that the measurement is performed at steady state, rather than implying that a state measurement is steady. But this does not imply that hyphenation is applied to the 'measurement performed at steady state'. Thus, the key word is '[[steady state]]'. Compound adjectives should be hyphenated (steady-state measurement), but if the compound adjective follows the term (measurement at steady state), hyphenation does not add any information and should be avoided. Find more examples and guidelines in the [https://www.grammarly.com/blog/hyphen/ grammarly blog on Hyphen] and in [https://apastyle.apa.org/learn/faqs/when-use-hyphen apastyle.apa.org].rn/faqs/when-use-hyphen apastyle.apa.org].  +
• '''Hypothermia''' in [[endothermy | endotherms]] … '''Hypothermia''' in [[endothermy | endotherms]] is a state of stressful up to lethal low body core temperature. In humans, the limit of hypothermia is considered as 35 °C, compared to [[normothermia]] at a body temperature of 36.5 to 37.5 °C. Hypothermia is classified as mild (32–35 °C), moderate (28–32 °C), severe (20–28 °C), and profound (<20 °C). severe (20–28 °C), and profound (<20 °C).  +
• '''Hypoxia''' (hypox) is defined in respir … '''Hypoxia''' (hypox) is defined in respiratory physiology as the state when insufficient O₂ is available for respiration, compared to ''environmental'' hypoxia defined as environmental oxygen pressures below the [[normoxic]] reference level. Three major categories of hypoxia are (''1'') environmental hypoxia, (''2'') physiological tissue hypoxia in hyperactivated states (e.g. at ''V''_O₂max) with intracellular oxygen demand/supply balance at steady state in tissues at environmental normoxia, compared to tissue normoxia in physiologically balanced states, and (''3'') pathological tissue hypoxia including ischemia and stroke, anaemia, chronic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, severe COVID-19, and obstructive sleep apnea. Pathological hypoxia leads to tissue hypoxia and heterogenous intracellular anoxia. Clinical oxygen treatment ('environmental hyperoxia') may not or only partially overcome pathological tissue hypoxia.al hyperoxia') may not or only partially overcome pathological tissue hypoxia.  +
• '''ISO 10012:2003 Measurement management s … '''ISO 10012:2003 Measurement management systems — Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment''': An effective measurement management system ensures that measuring equipment and measurement processes are fit for their intended use and is important in achieving product quality objectives and managing the risk of incorrect measurement results. The objective of a measurement management system is to manage the risk that measuring equipment and measurement processes could produce incorrect results affecting the quality of an organization’s product. The methods used for the measurement management system range from basic equipment verification to the application of statistical techniques in the measurement process control.niques in the measurement process control.  +
• '''ISO 13528:2015 Statistical methods for … '''ISO 13528:2015 Statistical methods for use in proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparison''': Proficiency testing involves the use of interlaboratory comparisons to determine the performance of participants (which may be laboratories, inspection bodies, or individuals) for specific tests or measurements, and to monitor their continuing performance. There are a number of typical purposes of proficiency testing [[ISO/IEC 17043 General requirements for proficiency testing |ISO/IEC 17043:2010]]. These include the evaluation of laboratory performance, the identification of problems in laboratories, establishing effectiveness and comparability of test or measurement methods, the provision of additional confidence to laboratory customers, validation of uncertainty claims, and the education of participating laboratories. The statistical design and analytical techniques applied must be appropriate for the stated purpose(s). be appropriate for the stated purpose(s).  +
• '''ISO 15189:2012 Medical laboratories — P … '''ISO 15189:2012 Medical laboratories — Particular requirements for quality and competence''': This International Standard is for use by medical laboratories in developing their quality management systems and assessing their own competence, and for use by accreditation bodies in confirming or recognising the competence of medical laboratories. While this International Standard is intended for use throughout the currently recognised disciplines of medical laboratory services, those working in other services and disciplines could also find it useful and appropriate.could also find it useful and appropriate.  +
• '''ISO 17511:2003 In vitro diagnostic medi … '''ISO 17511:2003 In vitro diagnostic medical devices -- Measurement of quantities in biological samples -- Metrological traceability of values assigned to calibrators and control materials''': For measurements of quantities in laboratory medicine, it is essential that the quantity is adequately defined and that the results reported to the physicians or other health care personel and patients are adequately accurate (true and precise) to allow correct medical interpretation and comparability over time and space.ion and comparability over time and space.  +
• '''ISO 9001:2015 Quality management system … '''ISO 9001:2015 Quality management systems - requirements''': The adoption of a quality management system is a strategic decision for an organization that can help to improve its overall performance and provide a sound basis for sustainable development initiatives. Consistently meeting requirements and addressing future needs and expectations poses a challenge for organizations in an increasingly dynamic and complex environment. To achieve this objective, the organization might find it necessary to adopt various forms of improvement in addition to correction and continual improvement, such as breakthrough change, innovation and re-organization.gh change, innovation and re-organization.  +
• '''ISO/IEC 17025:2005 General requirements … '''ISO/IEC 17025:2005 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories''': The use of this International Standard will facilitate cooperation between laboratories and other bodies, and assist in the exchange of information and experience, and in the harmonization of standards and procedures. This International Standard specifies the general requirements for the competence to carry out tests and/or calibrations, including sampling. It covers testing and calibration performed using standard methods, non-standard methods, and laboratory-developed methods.methods, and laboratory-developed methods.  +
• '''ISO/IEC 17043:2010 Conformity assessmen … '''ISO/IEC 17043:2010 Conformity assessment — General requirements for proficiency testing''': The use of interlaboratory comparisons is increasing internationally. This International Standard provides a consistent basis to determine the competence of organizations that provide proficiency testing.izations that provide proficiency testing.  +
• '''Iconic symbols''' are used in [[ergodynamics]] … '''Iconic symbols''' are used in [[ergodynamics]] to indicate more explicitely — compared to standard SI or IUPAC symbols — the quantity represented and some boundary conditions. This is particularly the case in normalized quantities (ratios of quantities). Iconic (or canonical) symbols help to clarify the meaning, are based on SI and IUPAC symbols as far as possible, and may be translated into more commonly used, practical symbols. Several ambiguities in SI and IUPAC symbols are eliminated by the systematic structure of iconic symbols, but it may be impossible to avoid all ambiguities, particulary when long (canonical) symbols are abbreviated in a particular context. Clarity is improved always by showing the unit of a quantity together with the symbol of the quantity. Iconic symbols cannot be identical with IUPAC symbols when a different definition is used — this would add to the confusion. For example, the IUPAC symbols ''n''_B [mol] and ''V''_B [m³] denote amount and volume of B. Consequently, it should be expected, that the symbol ''Q''_B indicates charge of B [C]. However, the IUPAC symbol ''Q''_B is used for particle charge per ion B [C·x^-1]. This prohibits a consistent definition of ''Q''_B as a potential iconic symbol for charge carried by a given quantity of ions B with unit [C], instead of particle charge per ion B with unit [C·x^-1]. Hence, the conventional ambigous system forces compatible iconic symbols to be more complicated, using ''Q''_elB [C] and ''Q''_{''<u>N</u>''B} [C·x^-1] to distinguish charge of B from charge per elementary B. ''Q''_{''<u>n</u>''B} [C·mol^-1] is charge per molar amount of B.'B} [C·x^-1] to distinguish charge of B from charge per elementary B. ''Q''_{''<u>n</u>''B} [C·mol^-1] is charge per molar amount of B.  +
• '''Impact factor''' is a measure of a scie … '''Impact factor''' is a measure of a scientific journal's citations per publication. The Journal Citation Reports, maintained by Clarivate Analytics, provides the calculated impact factors. The IF is frequently used as an indicator of a journal's importance or prestige, which is nowadays increasingly contested. which is nowadays increasingly contested.  +
• '''Inorgnic phosphate''' (P_i) is a salt of phosphoric acid. In solution near physiological pH, the species HPO₄^2- and H₂PO₄^- dominate. ''See also'': [[Phosphate carrier]] (Pic).  +
• '''Instrumental background oxygen flux''', … '''Instrumental background oxygen flux''', ''J''°_O₂, in a respirometer is due to oxygen consumption by the [[POS]], and oxygen diffusion into or out of the aqueous medium in the [[O2k-chamber]]. It is a property of the instrumental system, measured in the range of experimental oxygen levels by a standardized instrumental O₂ background test. The oxygen regime from air saturation towards zero oxygen is applied generally in experiments with isolated mitochondria, and living or permeabilized cells. To overcome oxygen diffusion limitation in permeabilized fibers and homogenates, an elevated oxygen regime is applied, requiring instrumental background test in the same range of elevated oxygen., requiring instrumental background test in the same range of elevated oxygen.  +
• '''Integration time''' is the time taken t … '''Integration time''' is the time taken to scan a single full range spectrum using [[photodiode arrays]]. It is equivalent to the exposure time for a camera. The shortest integration time defines the fastest response time of a [[spectrophotometer]]. Increasing the integration time increases the [[sensitivity]] of the device. The [[white balance]] or [[balance]] and subsequent measurements must always be carried out at the same integration time. carried out at the same integration time.  +
• '''Internal-energy''', ''U'' [J], can neit … '''Internal-energy''', ''U'' [J], can neither be destroyed nor created (first law of thermodynamics: d_i''U''/d''t'' = 0). Note that ''internal'' (subscript i), as opposed to ''external'' (subscript e), must be distinguished from "internal-energy", ''U'', which contrasts with "[[Helmholtz energy]]", ''A'', as [[enthalpy]], ''H'', contrasts with Gibbs energy, ''G''.[[enthalpy]], ''H'', contrasts with Gibbs energy, ''G''.  +
• '''Ionomycin''' (Imy) is a ionophore used to raise intracellular [Ca²⁺].  +
• '''Isocitrate dehydrogenase''' forms 2-oxoglutarate from isocitrate in the [[TCA cycle]].  +
• '''Isolated mitochondria''', imt, are mitochondria separated from a tissue or cells by breaking the plasma membranes and attachments to the cytoskeleton, followed by centrifugation steps to separate the mitochondria from other components.  +
• '''Journal indexing''' allows publications to be found on search tools/databases. Each database might have different criteria of inclusion.  +
• '''Keywords—MitoPedia''' is the concept to … '''Keywords—MitoPedia''' is the concept to link keywords in articles published in [[Bioenergetics Communications]] (BEC) to [[MitoPedia]] terms. Authors should consider the message in the selected keywords. Provide consistent definitions of your keywords by linking them to MitoPedia. Extend MitoPedia entries critically by your contributions. The BEC editorial team will hyperlink your keywords with MitoPedia, and a reference to your BEC publication will be generated automatically from the MitoPedia term to your publication. With your contributions, BEC elevates keywords to terms with meaning. Your article gains visibility.th meaning. Your article gains visibility.  +
• '''Kynurenine hydroxylase''' (kynurenine 3 … '''Kynurenine hydroxylase''' (kynurenine 3-monooxygenase) is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Kynurenine hydroxylase catalyzes the chemical reaction: L-kynurenine + NADPH + H⁺ + O₂ ↔ 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP⁺ + H₂O</br>Kynurenine hydroxylase belongs to the family of oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with O₂ as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O₂ with [[NADH]] or [[NADPH]] as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor. This enzyme participates in tryptophan metabolism. It employs one cofactor, [[FAD]].FAD]].  +
• '''Laboratory titration sheet''' contains … '''Laboratory titration sheet''' contains the sequential titrations in a specific Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration (SUIT) protocol. The laboratory titration sheets for different SUIT protocols are incorporated in DatLab (DL7.1): [[Protocols in DatLab]][[Protocols in DatLab]]  +
• '''Lactate dehydrogenase''' is a glycolytic marker enzyme in the cytosol, regenerating NAD⁺ from NADH and pyruvate, forming lactate.  +
• '''Length''' ''l'' is an SI base quantity … '''Length''' ''l'' is an SI base quantity with SI base unit [[meter]] m. Quantities derived from length are [[area]] ''A'' [m²] and [[volume]] ''V'' [m³]. Length is an extensive quantity, increasing additively with the number of objects. The term 'height' ''h'' is used for length in cases of vertical position (see [[height of humans]]). Length of height per object, ''L''_{''U''_''X''} [m·x^-1] is length per unit-entity ''U''_''X'', in contrast to lentgth of a system, which may contain one or many entities, such as the length of a pipeline assembled from a number ''N''_''X'' of individual pipes. Length is a quantity linked to direct sensory, practical experience, as reflected in terms related to length: long/short (height: tall/small). Terms such as 'long/short distance' are then used by analogy in the context of the more abstract quantity [[time]] (long/short duration).[time]] (long/short duration).  +
• '''Light-enhanced dark respiration''' ''LE … '''Light-enhanced dark respiration''' ''LEDR'' is a sharp (negative) maximum of dark respiration in plants in response to illumination, measured immediately after switching off the light. ''LEDR'' is supported by respiratory substrates produced during photosynthesis and closely reflects light-enhanced [[photorespiration]] (Xue et al 1996). Based on this assumption, the total photosynthetic oxygen flux ''TP'' is calculated as the sum of the measured net photosynthetic oxygen flux ''NP'' plus the absolute value of ''LEDR''.'NP'' plus the absolute value of ''LEDR''.  +
• '''Lightguides''' consist of optical fibre … '''Lightguides''' consist of optical fibres (either single or in bundles) that can be used to transmit light to a sample from a remote [[light source]] and similarly receive light from a sample and transmit it to a remote [[detector]]. They have greatly contributed to the range of applications that for which optical methods can be applied. This is particularly true in the fields of medicine and biology.rue in the fields of medicine and biology.  +
• '''Linear phenomenological laws''' are at … '''Linear phenomenological laws''' are at the core of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes TIP, considered to apply near equilibrium but more generally in transport processes (e.g. Fick's law). In TIP, linearity is discussed as the dependence of generalized flows ''I'' or fluxes ''J'' on generalized forces, ''J'' = -''L''·''F'', where ''L'' is expected to be constant (as a prerequisite for linearity) and must not be a function of the force ''F'' ([[affinity]]) for [[Onsager 1931 Phys Rev |Onsager reciprocity]] to apply. This paradigm is challenged by the [[ergodynamics |ergodynamic concept]] of fundamentally non-linear isomorphic flux-[[force]] relations and is replaced by the generalized isomorphic flux-[[pressure]] relations. Flows ''I'' [MU·s^-1] and forces ''F'' [J·MU^-1] are conjugated pairs, the product of which yields power, ''I''·''F'' = ''P'' [J·s^-1 = W]. Flux ''J'' is system-size specific flow, such that volume-specific flux times force yields volume-specific power, ''P''_''V'' = ''J''·''F'' [W·m^-3]. Then [[Vector |vectoral]] and [[Discontinuous system |vectorial]] transport processes are inherently non-linear flux-force relationships, with '''''L''''' = '''''u'''''·'''''c''''' in continuous transport processes along a gradient ('''''c''''' is the local concentration), or ''L'' = ''u''·''α'' (''α'' is the [[free activity]] in a discontinuous transport process across a semipermeable membrane) — formally not different from (isomorphic to) [[scalar]] chemical reactions.emical reactions.  +
• '''Linearity''' is the ability of the meth … '''Linearity''' is the ability of the method to produce test results that are proportional, either directly or by a well-defined mathematical transformation, to the concentration of the analyte in samples within a given range. This property is inherent in the [[Beer-Lambert law]] for [[absorbance]] alone, but deviations occur in [[scattering]] media. It is also a property of [[fluorescence]], but a [[fluorophore]] may not exhibit linearity, particularly over a large range of concentrations.arly over a large range of concentrations.  +
• '''Luminescence''' is spontaneous emission … '''Luminescence''' is spontaneous emission of radiation from an electronically or vibrationally excited species not in thermal equilibrium with its environment (IUPC definition). An alternative definition is "Luminescence is emission of </br>light by a substance not resulting from heat." Luminescence comprises many different pehnomena. Luminescence from direct photoexcitation of the emitting species is called photoluminescence. Both [[fluorescence]] and [[phosphorescence]] are forms of photoluminescence. In biomedical research also forms of chemiluminescence (e.g.the luciferin reaction) are used. In chemiluminescence the emission of radiation results from a chemical reaction. For other forms of luminescence see [http://goldbook.iupac.org/L03641.html the IUPAC Gold Book].upac.org/L03641.html the IUPAC Gold Book].  +
• '''Magnesium Green''' (MgG) is an [[extrinsic fluorophores|extrinsic fluorophore]] … '''Magnesium Green''' (MgG) is an [[extrinsic fluorophores|extrinsic fluorophore]] that fluoresces when bound to Mg²⁺ and is used for measuring mitochondrial ATP production by [[mitochondrial preparations]]. Determination of mitochondrial ATP production is based on the different dissociation constants of Mg²⁺ for [[ADP]] and [[ATP]], and the exchange of one ATP for one ADP across the mitochondrial inner membrane by the [[adenine nucleotide translocase]] (ANT). Using the dissociation constants for ADP-Mg²⁺ and ATP-Mg²⁺ and initial concentrations of ADP, ATP and Mg²⁺, the change in ATP concentration in the medium is calculated, which reflects mitochondrial ATP production. change in ATP concentration in the medium is calculated, which reflects mitochondrial ATP production.  +
• '''Malic enzyme''' (ME; EC 1.1.1.40) catal … '''Malic enzyme''' (ME; EC 1.1.1.40) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of L-malate to pyruvate with the concomitant reduction of the dinucleotide cofactor NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ and a requirement for divalent cations (Mg²⁺ or Mn²⁺) as cofactors.</br></br>NAD(P)⁺ + L-malate^2- <--> NAD(P)H + pyruvate^- + CO₂</br></br>Three groups of ME are distinguished (i) NAD⁺- and (ii) NADP⁺-dependent ME specific for NAD⁺ or NADP⁺, respectively, and (iii) NAD(P)⁺- dependent ME with dual specificity for NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ as cofactor. Three isoforms of ME have been identified in mammals: cytosolic NADP⁺-dependent ME (cNADP-ME or ME1), mitochondrial NAD(P)⁺-dependent ME (mtNAD-ME or ME2; with NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ as cofactor, preference for NAD⁺ under physiological conditions), and mitochondrial NADP⁺-dependent ME (mtNADP-ME or ME3). mtNAD-ME plays an important role in [[anaplerosis]] when glucose is limiting, particularly in heart and skeletal muscle. [[Tartronic acid]] (hydroxymalonic acid) is an inhibitor of ME.[[Tartronic acid]] (hydroxymalonic acid) is an inhibitor of ME.  +
• '''Malonate''' (malonic acid) is a competitive inhibitor of [[succinate dehydrogenase]] ([[Complex II]]). Malonate is a substrate of [[malonyl-CoA synthase]].  +
• '''Malonyl-CoA synthase''' or ACSF3 protei … '''Malonyl-CoA synthase''' or ACSF3 protein is a mitochondrial fatty-acyl-CoA synthase found in mammals. Traditionally, malonyl-CoA is formed from acetyl-CoA by the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. However, Witkowski et al (2011) showed that mammals express malonyl-CoA Synthase (ACSF3) with enzymatic activity in the presence of [[malonate]] (Complex II inhibitor) and methylmalonate.(Complex II inhibitor) and methylmalonate.  +
• '''Marks''' in [[DatLab]] … '''Marks''' in [[DatLab]] define sections of a [[plot]] recorded over time. Marks are set by the [[user]] in real-time, or post-experimentally for basic level data analysis. Set Marks to obtain the median, average, standard deviation, [[Outlier index - DatLab |outlier index]] and range of the data within the mark, for calibration of the oxygen signal, flux analysis, or to delete marked data points. Marks are shown by a horizontal bar in the active plot. The default [[Mark names]] are given automatically in numerical sequence, independent for each plot. Rename marks individually by clicking into the horizontal bar, or use corresponding templates for renaming the entire sequence of marks. Several marks can be set on any plot.rks. Several marks can be set on any plot.  +
• '''Maximum oxygen consumption''', ''V''< … '''Maximum oxygen consumption''', ''V''_O₂max, is and index of cardiorespiratory fitness, measured by spiroergometry on human and animal organisms capable of controlled physical exercise performance on a treadmill or cycle ergometer. ''V''_O₂max is the maximum respiration of an organism, expressed as the volume of O₂ at [[STPD]] consumed per unit of time per individual object [mL.min^-1.x^-1]. If normalized per body mass of the individual object, ''M'' [kg.x^-1], mass specific maximum oxygen consumption, ''V''_{O₂max/''M''}, is expressed in units [mL.min^-1.kg^-1]. specific maximum oxygen consumption, ''V''_{O₂max/''M''}, is expressed in units [mL.min^-1.kg^-1].  +
• '''Melatonin''' (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptam … '''Melatonin''' (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, aMT) is a highly conserved molecule present in unicellular to vertebrate organisms. Melatonin is synthesized from tryptophan in the pinealocytes by the pineal gland and also is produced in other organs, tissues and fluids (extrapineal melatonin). Melatonin has lipophilic and hydrophilic nature which allows it to cross biological membranes. Therefore, melatonin is present in all subcellular compartments predominantly in the nucleus and mitochondria. Melatonin has pleiotropic functions with powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and oncostatic effects with a wide spectrum of action particularly at the level of mitochondria. » [[#Melatonin and protection from mitochondrial damage |'''MiPNet article''']][#Melatonin and protection from mitochondrial damage |'''MiPNet article''']]  +
• '''Mersalyl''' (C₁₃H₁₇HgNO₆) is an inhibitor of the [[Pi symporter]].  +
• '''Metformin''' (dimethylbiguanide) is mainly known as an important antidiabetic drug which is effective, however, in a wide spectrum of degenerative diseases. It is an inhibitor of [[Complex I]] and [[glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex]].  +
• '''Methylmalonic acid''' (Mma) is a common intermediate in many catabolic processes. In methylmalonic acidemia mitochondrial dysfunction can be observed, related to accumulation of Mma and associated with neurological symptoms.  +
• '''Metrology''' is the science of measurement, including all aspects both theoretical and practical with reference to measurements, whatever their uncertainty, and in whatever fields of science or technology they occur [SOURCE: VIM:1993, 2.2].  +
• '''Microplate''' readers allow large numbe … '''Microplate''' readers allow large numbers of sample reactions to be assayed in well format microtitre plates. The most common microplate format used in academic research laboratories or clinical diagnostic laboratories is 96-well (8 by 12 matrix) with a typical reaction volume between 100 and 200 µL per well. a wide range of applications involve the use of [[fluorescence]] measurements , although they can also be used in conjunction with [[absorbance]] measurements.[absorbance]] measurements.  +
• '''Microxia''' (deep hypoxia) is obtained when trace amounts of O₂ exert a stimulatory effect on respiration above the level where metabolism is switched to a purely [[anaerobic]] mode.  +
• '''MitoFit protocols''' are moderated by t … '''MitoFit protocols''' are moderated by the [[MitoFit moderators]] (MitoFit team), either as protocols with direct reference to publications available to the scientific communicty, or protocols additionally described and made available in Bioblast with full information on authors (including contact details), author contributions, and editor (moderator) in charge. This aims at a comprehensive [[MitoFit data repository]], which will require global input and cooperation.will require global input and cooperation.  +
• '''MitoFit registered projects''' are anno … '''MitoFit registered projects''' are announced with reference to [[MitoFit protocols]] as [[publicly deposited protocols]]. Project registration is a two-phase process. Guidelines will be defined. (''1'') Pre-registration of a project requires submission to a MitoFit moderator (editor), including protocol details with reference to MitoPedia protocols, or with submission of protocols for publication (Open Access) in MitoPedia. The MitoFit (Bioblast) editors will edit the submitted protocols (layout) and insert into Bioblast submitted pre-registrations and protocols. (''2'') MitoFit moderators (editors) will set up a [[MitoFit accreditation panel]], in which the registrant will be included (perhaps not in the long run, to avoid conflict of interests) and/or for which the registrant can suggest delegates (compare peer review). Accredited [[MitoFit protocols]] are labelled as [[MitoFit accredited]], and the pre-registered MitoFit project becomes labelled and listed as '''MitoFit registered project''' (MitoFit accredited). This is possible before (advance registration), during progress, and after completion of a study (post-registration). A MitoFit registered project receives a code for feeding data into the [[MitoFit data repository]].[[MitoFit data repository]].  +
• '''MitoKit-CII/Malonate-nv''' (diacetoxyme … '''MitoKit-CII/Malonate-nv''' (diacetoxymethyl malonate) is a plasma membrane-permeable prodrug (permeable malonate; Mnanv) that diffuses across the plasma membrane. Cleavage of diacetoxymethyl groups is mediated by intracellular esterases, thus releasing [[malonate]] in the intracellular space. Abliva #: 01-161-s2e intracellular space. Abliva #: 01-161-s2  +
• '''MitoKit-CII/Succinate-nv''' (diacetoxym … '''MitoKit-CII/Succinate-nv''' (diacetoxymethyl succinate) is a plasma membrane-permeable prodrug (permeable succinate; Snv) that diffuses across the plasma membrane. Cleavage of diacetoxymethyl groups is mediated by intracellular esterases, thus releasing [[succinate]] in the intracellular space. Abliva #: 01-118-s4 intracellular space. Abliva #: 01-118-s4  +
• '''MitoSOX^TM''' is … '''MitoSOX^TM''' is the version of the [[Dihydroethidium|hydroetidine]] designed to target mitochondria in live cells for the detection of [[superoxide]] (O₂^•-). The oxidation of the compound by O₂^•- is easily detected in the red spectrum. One of the advantages of MitoSOX^TM is its selectivity for O₂^•- but not for other [[Reactive oxygen species|reactive oxygen species]] or [[Reactive nitrogen species|reactive nitrogen species]]. </br>::::• Readily '''oxidized by superoxide''' but not by other ROS- or RNS-generating systems</br>::::• '''Absorption/emission maxima''': ~510/580 nm</br>::::• Use for '''live cell imaging'''</br>::::• Rapidly and selectively '''targeted to the mitochondria'''</br></br></br>'''MitoSOX^TM''' has been widely used in life cell imaging but it is not free of problems and should be used cautiously. For example, it has been highlighted that the use of potentiometric dyes which accumulates into the mitochondria due to its moiety with [[Tetraphenylphosphonium]], confers a membrane potential sensitivity that creates a series of artifacts and problems not often considered.hosphonium]], confers a membrane potential sensitivity that creates a series of artifacts and problems not often considered.  +
• '''Mitochondria''' (Greek ''mitos'': threa … '''Mitochondria''' (Greek ''mitos'': thread; ''chondros'': granule) are small structures within cells, which function in cell respiration as powerhouses or batteries. Mitochondria belong to the '''[[bioblasts]]''' of Richard Altmann. Abbreviation: mt, as generally used in mtDNA. Singular: mitochondrion (bioblast); plural: mitochondria (bioblasts).oblast); plural: mitochondria (bioblasts).  +
• '''Mitochondrial respiration medium, MitoOx1,''' used by the Budapest groups for respirometry und Amplex Red trials.  +
• '''Mitochondrial Physiology - Historical C … '''Mitochondrial Physiology - Historical Collection'''</br></br>'''Aims'''</br></br>The growing '''''MiP-Collection''''' aims at preserving scientific instruments that are of historical importance in the field of bioenergetics and mitochondrial physiology. The fast turnover of scientific equipment makes obsolete even comparatively recent instrumentation. The Oroboros O2k was the first commercial mitochondrial respirometer using a computer for data acquisition. Today, [[chart recorder]]s are nearly forgotten. Due to limitations of storage space, unused scientific equipment is disposed of, despite its potential historical value. The disposal of some unique apparatus constitutes an irreversible loss to science and society, and to the continued appreciation of the foundations of our scientific discipline. </br></br>You may consider to make items of scientific historical interest in mitochondrial physiology available to the ''MiP-Collection''. These items of the ''MiP-Collection'' may specifically include historically valuable </br> </br>* equipment and accessories,</br>* books and symposium proceedings, </br>* reprint collections,</br>* pictures, slides, documents.ollections, * pictures, slides, documents.  +
• '''Mitochondrial Preservation Medium, MiP03''', developed for preservation of [[isolated mitochondria]].  +
• '''Mitochondrial concentration''' is ''C_mtE'' = ''mtE''·''V''^-1 [mtEU·m^-3]. mt-Concentration is an experimental variable, dependent on sample concentration.  +
• '''Mitochondrial content''' per object ''X'' is ''mtE_<u>N</u>X'' = ''mtE''·''N_X''^-1 [mtEU·x^-1].  +