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DatLab templates + ('''DatLab templates''' can be imported for O2k-setups, graph layouts, mark names, TIP2k setups and marks statistics configurations. :::: See also » [[Manage setups and templates - DatLab|Manage setups and templates]])
DatLab-Upgrading\4.x-5.2 + ('''DatLab-Upgrading\4.1-5.2''': Upgrading DatLab 4.x to 5.2, incl. O2k-Manual, with free follow-up updates of DatLab 5.2. '''Discontinued''': see higher [[DatLab]] version.)
DataCite + ('''DataCite''' is a global community of or … '''DataCite''' is a global community of organizations and researchers identifying and citing research outputs and resources. We provide services to create persistent records of research, enable discovery and reuse, and support workflows throughout the research lifecycle.rkflows throughout the research lifecycle.)
Dead cells + ('''Dead cells''' dce are characterized by the loss of plasma membrane barrier function. The total cell count (''N''ce) is the sum of viable cells (''N''vce) and dead cells (''N''dce).)
Density + ('''Density''', mass density ''ρ'' = ''m''· … '''Density''', mass density ''ρ'' = ''m''·''V''-1 [kg·m-3], is mass ''m'' divided by volume ''V''. Surface density ''ρ''A = ''m''·''A''-1 [kg·m-2] ([[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI) |SI]]). For a pure [[sample]] S, the mass density ''ρ''S = ''m''S·''V''S-1 [kg·m-3] is the [[mass]] ''m'' of pure sample S per [[volume]] ''V''S of the pure sample. With density ''ρ'' thus defined, the 'amount density' of substance B is ''ρ''B = ''n''B·''V''B-1 [mol·m-3]. This is not a commonly used expression, but the inverse is defined as the [[molar volume]] of a pure substance ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |IUPAC]]), ''V''m,B = ''V''B·''n''B-1 [m3·mol-1]. The pure sample is a pure gas, pure liquid or pure solid of a defined elementary entity. The amount [[concentration]], ''c''B = ''n''B·''V''-1 [mol·m-3] is the amount ''n''B of substance B divided by the volume ''V'' of the mixture ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |IUPAC]]), and this is not called an 'amount density'. The term 'amount density' is reserved for an amount of substance per volume ''V''S of the pure substance. This explicit distinction between 'density' related to the volume of the ''sample'' and 'concentration' related to the total volume of the ''mixture'' is very helpful to avoid confusion. Further clarification is required in cases, when the mass density ''ρ''s of the sample in the mixture differs from the mass density ''ρ''S of the pure sample before mixing. Think of a sample S of pure ethanol with a volume of 1 L at 25 °C, which is mixed with a volume of 1 L of pure water at 25 °C: after the temperature of the mixture has equilibrated to 25 °C, the total volume of the mixture is less than 2 L, such that the volume ''V''S of 1 L pure ethanol has diminished to a smaller volume ''V''s of ethanol in the mixture; the density of ethanol in the mixture is higher than the density of pure ethanol (this is incomplete [[additivity]]). The volume ''V''s of sample s in a mixture is by definition smaller than the total volume ''V'' of the mixture. Sample volume ''V''S and system volume ''V'' are identical, but this applies only to the case of a ''pure'' sample. ''Concentration'' is related to samples s per total volume ''V'' of the mixture, whereas ''density'' is related to samples S or s per volume ''V''S = ''V'' or ''V''s < ''V'', respectively ([[BEC 2020.1]]).)
Derivative spectroscopy + ('''Derivative spectroscopy''' can be used … '''Derivative spectroscopy''' can be used to eliminate interfering artefacts or species. A first order derivative will remove a constant background [[absorbance]] across the spectral range. A second order derivative spectrum will remove a species whose absorbance is linearly dependent upon the wavelength, etc..early dependent upon the wavelength, etc..)
Diapause + ('''Diapause''' is a preprogrammed form of … '''Diapause''' is a preprogrammed form of developmental arrest that allows animals to survive harsh environmental conditions and may also allow populations to synchronize periods of growth and reproduction with periods of optimal temperatures and adequate water and food. Diapause is ''endogenously'' controlled, and this dormancy typically begins well before conditions become too harsh to support normal growth and development [1,2]. » [[Diapause#Diapause versus quiescence| '''MiPNet article''']][Diapause#Diapause versus quiescence| '''MiPNet article''']])
Diffraction gratings + ('''Diffraction gratings''' are [[dispersion devices]] … '''Diffraction gratings''' are [[dispersion devices]] that are made from glass etched with fine grooves, spaced at the same order of magnitude as the wavelength of the light to be dispersed, and then coated with aluminium to reflect the light to the photodiode array. '''Diffraction gratings''' reflect the light in different orders and [[filters]] need to be incorporated to prevent overlapping.to be incorporated to prevent overlapping.)
Digitonin + ('''Digitonin''' is a mild detergent that p … '''Digitonin''' is a mild detergent that permeabilizes plasma membranes selectively due to their high cholesterol content, whereas mt-membranes with lower cholesterol content are affected only at higher concentrations. Digitonin is a natural product and thus the effective concentration has to be determined by titrations for every batch. The optimum effective digitonin concentrations for complete plasma membrane permeabilization of cultured cells can be determined directly in a respirometric protocol (see: [[SUIT-010 O2 ce-pce D008]]).[[SUIT-010 O2 ce-pce D008]]).)
Dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase + ('''Dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase''' is an … '''Dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase''' is an electron transfer complex of the inner mitochondrial membrane, converting dihydro-orotate (Dho) into orotate, and linking electron transfer through the [[Q-junction]] to pyrimidine synthesis and thus to the control of biogenesis.sis and thus to the control of biogenesis.)
Dihydroethidium + ('''Dihydroethidium''' (also called hydroet … '''Dihydroethidium''' (also called hydroethidine) is a cell permeant fluorescent probe used to analyse superoxide presence. It is a reduced form of ethidium that presents blue fluorescence, and after oxidation by superoxide becomes able to intercalate DNA and emits red fluorescence (excitation wavelength ~518–535 nm, emission ~605–610 nm). It has been used to detect superoxide by HPLC and by fluorescence microscopy.de by HPLC and by fluorescence microscopy.)
Dimension + ('''Dimensions''' are defined in the SI {'' … '''Dimensions''' are defined in the SI {''Quote''}: Physical quantities can be organized in a system of dimensions, where the system used is decided by convention. Each of the seven base quantities used in the SI is regarded as having its own dimension. .. All other quantities, with the exception of [[count]]s, are derived quantities, which may be written in terms of base quantities according to the equations of physics. The dimensions of the derived quantities are written as products of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities using the equations that relate the derived quantities to the base quantities.There are quantities ''Q'' for which the defining equation is such that all of the dimensional exponents in the equation for the dimension of ''Q'' are zero. This is true in particular for any quantity that is defined as the ratio of two quantities of the same kind. .. There are also some quantities that cannot be described in terms of the seven base quantities of the SI, but have the nature of a [[count]]. Examples are a number of molecules, a number of cellular or biomolecular entities (for example copies of a particular nucleic acid sequence), or degeneracy in quantum mechanics. Counting quantities are also quantities with the associated unit one. {''end of Quote'': p 136, [[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI)]]}[[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI)]]})
Dimethyl sulfoxide + ('''Dimethyl sulfoxide''' is a polar aproti … '''Dimethyl sulfoxide''' is a polar aprotic solvent that dissolves both polar and nonpolar compounds and is miscible in a wide range of organic solvents as well as water. DMSO may also be used as a cryoprotectant, added to cell media to reduce ice formation and thereby prevent cell death during the freezing process.nt cell death during the freezing process.)
Dinitrochlorobenzene + ('''Dinitrochlorobenzene (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene)''' (DNCB) is a glutathione (GSH) inhibitor.)
Display DatLab help + ('''Display DatLab help''' In this section … '''Display DatLab help'''In this section, we present some issues that could happen during your data analysis related to the graphs display and how to fix them quickly.Case in which an issue might occur:::* While analysing your data, trying to close the program while the graph is still being loaded. If you cancel the closing window, the graph will not be loaded at the screen.In the event of a frozen display of the graphs, try the alternatives below:::* Click on: Graph > Autoscale time axis::* Click on: Graph > Scaling (F6); then press OK to confirm the scaling and induce the program to reload the graphs (no changes in the graphs are required). graphs (no changes in the graphs are required).)
Dyscoupled respiration + ('''Dyscoupled respiration''' is [[LEAK respiration]] … '''Dyscoupled respiration''' is [[LEAK respiration]] distinguished from intrinsically (physiologically) uncoupled and from extrinsic experimentally [[Uncoupler|uncoupled]] respiration as an indication of extrinsic uncoupling (pathological, toxicological, pharmacological by agents that are not specifically applied to induce uncoupling, but are tested for their potential dyscoupling effect). Dyscoupling indicates a mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition to intrinsic uncoupling, dyscoupling occurs under pathological and toxicological conditions. Thus a distinction is made between physiological uncoupling and pathologically defective dyscoupling in mitochondrial respiration. dyscoupling in mitochondrial respiration.)
Ectotherms + ('''Ectotherms''' are organisms whose body temperatures conform to the thermal environment. In many cases, therefore, ectotherms are [[poicilotherms | poicilothermic]].)
Editorial board participation + ('''Editorial board participation''' is a topic addressed in [[COPE core practices for research]].)
Electric current density + ('''Electric current density''' is [[current]] divided by area, ''j''=''I''·''A''-1 [C·m-2]. Compare: [[density]].)
Electron flow + ('''Electron flow''' through the mitochondr … '''Electron flow''' through the mitochondrial [[Electron transfer pathway]] (ET-pahway) is the scalar component of chemical reactions in oxidative phosphorylation ([[OXPHOS]]). Electron flow is most conveniently measured as oxygen consumption (oxygraphic measurement of [[oxygen flow]]), with four electrons being taken up when oxygen (O2) is reduced to water.xygen (O2) is reduced to water.)
Electron-transferring flavoprotein Complex + ('''Electron-transferring flavoprotein Comp … '''Electron-transferring flavoprotein Complex''' (CETF) is a respiratory Complex localized at the matrix face of the inner mitochondrial membrane, supplies electrons to Q, and is thus an enzyme Complex of the mitochondrial [[Electron transfer pathway]] (ET-pathway). CETF links the ß-oxidation cycle with the membrane-bound electron transfer system in [[fatty acid oxidation]] (FAO).[fatty acid oxidation]] (FAO).)
Electronic-TIP2k Upgrading\O2k-Main Unit Series A-D + ('''Electronic-TIP2k Upgrading\O2k-Main Unit Series A-D - Former Product ''': not required for [[O2k-Core]], the [[O2k-Main Unit]] has to be returned to the OROBOROS workshop.)
Electronic-TIP2k Upgrading\O2k-Main Unit Series E + ('''Electronic-TIP2k Upgrading\O2k-Main Uni … '''Electronic-TIP2k Upgrading\O2k-Main Unit Series E - Former Series ''': not required for [[O2k-Core]], free of charge for Series E in conjunction with the purchase of the [[TIP2k-Module]], the [[O2k-Main Unit]] has to be returned to the OROBOROS workshop.s to be returned to the OROBOROS workshop.)
Enable DL-Protocol editing + ('''Enable DL-Protocol editing''' is a nove … '''Enable DL-Protocol editing''' is a novel function of DatLab 7.4 offering a new feature in DL-Protocols: flexibility. Fixed sequences of events and marks can be changed (Skip/Added) in a SUIT protocol by the user. Moreover, the text, instructions, concentrations and titration volumes of injections in a specific DL-Protocol can be edited and saved as [[Export_DL-Protocol_User_(*.DLPU)| user-specific DL-Protocol]] [File]\Export\DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU). To enable it, under the 'Protocols' tab in the menu, select the option 'Enable DL-Protocol editing', and then select the plot in which the marks will be set (''e.g.,'' O2 flux per V). Select the 'Overview' window, where you will be able to edit events and marks names, definition/state, final concentration and titration volumes, as well as select a mark as 'multi' for multiple titration steps, skip a mark, or add a new event or mark. After saving, [[Export_DL-Protocol_User_(*.DLPU)|export a DL-Protocol User (DLPU)]] and load it before running the next experiments. If users of DatLab versions older than DatLab 7.4 wish to alter the nature of the chemicals used or the sequence of injections, we ask them to [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/o2k-technical-support/ contact the O2k-Technical Support].For more information:[[Image:PlayVideo.jpg|50px|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vd66dHx-MyI]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vd66dHx-MyI Export DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU)]6dHx-MyI Export DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU)])
Endergonic + ('''Endergonic''' transformations or proces … '''Endergonic''' transformations or processes can proceed in the forward direction only by coupling to an [[exergonic]] process with a driving force more negative than the positive force of the endergonic process. The backward direction of an endergonic process is exergonic. The distinction between endergonic and [[endothermic]] processes is at the heart of [[ergodynamics]], emphasising the concept of [[exergy]] changes, linked to the performance of [[work]], in contrast to [[enthalpy]] changes, linked to [[heat]] or thermal processes, the latter expression being terminologically linked to ''thermodynamics''.inologically linked to ''thermodynamics''.)

('''Endergonic''' transformations or processes can proceed in the forward)

Endothermy + ('''Endothermy''' is the constant regulation of body temperature by metabolic heat production and control of heat exchange with the environment.)
Energy saving in research + ('''Energy saving in research''' must rank … '''Energy saving in research''' must rank as a priority of social responsibility — ever since the [[Club of Rome]] published 50 years ago the seminal book on ''The limits to growth'' (1972) [1], and more so today in face of the global threat of climate change and the russian war in aggression against Ukraine.Energy saving in research does not and must not clash with quality in research. Application of high-quality and predefined [[MitoPedia: SUIT |experimental protocols]] combined with evaluation of [[Replica |repeatability]] and [[Repetitions |reproducibility]] represents primary strategies for energy saving in research. Publication of irreproducible results — adding to the [[reproducibility crisis]] — is the most wasteful aspect of research in terms of resources including [[energy]] (more properly: [[exergy]]). [[Paywall journalism]] is wasteful in terms of financial resources. Dramatically increasing numbers of scientific publications is a pathway towards waste of energy [2]. Besides large-scale strategies on e(n)xergy saving in research — quality versus quantity —, everybody's everyday contributions to energy saving count: to cut greenhouse gas emissions, save biological and geological diversity, and improve equality across societies, gender, continents, and countries.Do scientists take responsibility for energy saving? Or does biomedical research merely find excuses? Scientific institutions in academia and industry must implement energy saving strategies to reduce waste according to the European Union's [https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive_en Energy efficiency directive], and to consume less energy (exergy) by using it more efficiently ([https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-targets_en Energy efficiency targets]).Possible — important but much neglected — contributions include:* Re-use materials as a superior strategy than recycling, and reduce application of disposable items.* Reduce waste in cleaning procedures, but do not compromise the [[MiPNet19.03 O2k-cleaning and ISS |quality of cleaning procedures]].* Replace inefficient equipment (e.g. water baths) by efficient electronic [[O2k-Peltier Temperature Control |Peltier temperature control]].* Select conferences that you attend by evaluating their 'green deal' strategy. Combine in a single trip participation in a conference and possibly offered satellite events.* Turn off non-essential equipment; reduce energy-wasting stand-by modes; turn off computer screens and other equipment at the mains when not in use. The monitor consumes over half of the energy used by the average computer. Lower your screen brightness.* Turn off the lights when you do not gain from extra illumination, when you leave the lab during the day or at the end of every day.* Reduce heating of the rooms to 19 °C, cooling of rooms to 25 °C. Apply energy-efficient heating and cooling strategies.* Define your personal energy saving targets at homeoffice and in your workplace.* Contact your energy quality manager, to suggest improvement of infrastructure and guidelines that help you and other members in the team to comply with energy saving targets.team to comply with energy saving targets.)
Enthalpy + ('''Enthalpy''', ''H'' [J], can under condi … '''Enthalpy''', ''H'' [J], can under conditions of constant gas pressure neither be destroyed nor created (first law of thermodynamics: di''H''/d''t'' = 0). The distinction between enthalpy and [[internal-energy]] of a system is due to external pressure-volume [[work]] carried out reversibly at constant gas pressure. The enthalpy change of the system, d''H'', at constant pressure, is the internal-energy change, d''U'', minus reversible pressure-volume work, d''H'' = d''U'' - d''V''''W''Pressure-volume work, d''V''''W'', at constant pressure, is the gas pressure, ''p'' [Pa = J·m-3], times change of volume, d''V'' [m3], d''V''''W'' = -''p''·d''V'' [J]The ''available'' work, de''W'', is distinguished from external total work, det''W'', [1] de''W'' = det''W'' - d''V''''W''The change of enthalpy of a system is due to internal and external changes, d''H'' = di''H'' + de''H''Since di''H'' = 0 (first law of thermodynamics), the d''H'' is balanced by exchange of heat, work, and matter, d''H'' = (de''Q'' + de''W'') + dmat''H'' ; d''p'' = 0 The exchange of matter is expressed in enthalpy equivalents with respect to a [[reference state]] (formation, f, or combustion, c). The value of d''H'' in an open system, therefore, depends on the arbitrary choice of the reference state. In contrast, the terms in parentheses are the sum of all (total, t) partial energy transformations, dt''H'' = (de''Q'' + de''W'')A partial enthalpy change of transformation, dtr''H'', is distinguished from the total enthalpy change of all transformations, dt''H'', and from the enthalpy change of the system, d''H''. In a closed system, d''H'' = dt''H''. The enthalpy change of transformation is the sum of the [[Gibbs energy]] (free energy) change of transformation, dtr''G'', and the [[bound energy]] change of transformation at constant temperature and pressure, dtr''B'' = ''T''·d''S'', dtr''H'' = dtr''G'' + dtr''B''bound energy]] change of transformation at constant temperature and pressure, dtr''B'' = ''T''·d''S'', dtr''H'' = dtr''G'' + dtr''B'')
Ethics on publishing + ('''Ethics on publishing''' follow [https:/ … '''Ethics on publishing''' follow [https://publicationethics.org/core-practices COPE's guidelines] (or equivalent). A journal's policy on publishing ethics should be clearly visible on its website, and should refer to: (1) Journal policies on authorship and contributorship; (2) How the journal will handle complaints and appeals; (3) Journal policies on conflicts of interest / competing interests; (4) Journal policies on data sharing and reproducibility; (5) Journal's policy on ethical oversight; (6) Journal's policy on intellectual property; and (7) Journal's options for post-publication discussions and corrections.t-publication discussions and corrections.)
Ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid + ('''Ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid''' (EGTA) is a chelator for heavy metals, with high affinity for Ca2+ but low affinity for Mg2+. Sigma E 4378.)
Etomoxir + ('''Etomoxir''' (Eto; 2[6(4-chlorophenoxy)h … '''Etomoxir''' (Eto; 2[6(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate) is an irreversible inhibitor of [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase I]] (CPT-I) on the outer face of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Eto inhibits [[fatty acid oxidation]] by blocking the formation of acyl carnitines from long-chain fatty acids which require the carnitine shuttle for transport into mitochondria. In contrast to long-chain fatty acids, the transport of short- and medium-chain fatty acids is carnitine-independent.hain fatty acids is carnitine-independent.)
Exergonic + ('''Exergonic''' transformations or process … '''Exergonic''' transformations or processes can spontaneously proceed in the forward direction, entailing the irreversible loss of the potential to performe [[work]] (''erg'') with the implication of a positive internal [[entropy production]]. [[Ergodynamic equilibrium]] is obtained when an exergonic (partial) process is compensated by a coupled [[endergonic]] (partial) process, such that the Gibbs energy change of the total transformation is zero. Final [[thermodynamic equilibrium]] is reached when all exergonic processes are exhausted and all [[force]]s are zero. The backward direction of an exergonic process is endergonic. The distinction between exergonic and [[exothermic]] processes is at the heart of [[ergodynamics]], emphasising the concept of [[exergy]] changes, linked to the performance of [[work]], in contrast to [[enthalpy]] changes, linked to [[heat]] or thermal processes, the latter expression being terminologically linked to ''thermo''dynamics.inologically linked to ''thermo''dynamics.)
Exergy + ('''Exergy''' includes external and interna … '''Exergy''' includes external and internal [[work]]. Exergy as the external work is defined in the First Law of thermodynamics as a specific form of [[energy]]. Exergy as the dissipated Gibbs or Helmholtz energy is the irreversibly dissipated (internal) loss of the potential of performing work as defined in the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Changes of exergy d''G'' plus [[bound energy]] yield the [[enthalpy]] change: d''H'' = d''G'' + ''T''∙d''S'' = d''G'' + d''B'' = d''G'' + ''T''∙d''S'' = d''G'' + d''B'')
Experimental log - DatLab + ('''Experimental log''' provides an automat … '''Experimental log''' provides an automatically generated experimental protocol with detailed information about the O2k settings and calibrations, the [[Sample - DatLab|Sample]] information and various [[Events - DatLab |Events]]. Time-dependent information can be viewed for a single chamber or both chambers. The filter can be selected for viewing minimum information, intermittent by default, or all information. The experimental log can be viewed and saved as a PDF file by clicking on [Preview].ed as a PDF file by clicking on [Preview].)
Export as CSV - DatLab + ('''Export as CSV''' (*.csv) exports plots and events to a text file for further use in Excel and other programs.)
Extensive quantity + ('''Extensive quantities''' pertain to a to … '''Extensive quantities''' pertain to a total system, e.g. [[oxygen flow]]. An extensive quantity increases proportional with system size. The magnitude of an extensive quantity is completely additive for non-interacting subsystems, such as mass or flow expressed per defined system. The magnitude of these quantities depends on the extent or size of the system ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |Cohen et al 2008]]).[[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |Cohen et al 2008]]).)
External flow + ('''External flows''' across the system boundaries are formally reversible. Their irreversible facet is accounted for internally as transformations in a heterogenous system ([[internal flow]]s, ''I''i).)
Extinction + ('''Extinction''' is a synonym for [[absorbance]].)
Extrinsic fluorophores + ('''Extrinsic fluorophores''' are molecules … '''Extrinsic fluorophores''' are molecules labelled with a fluorescent dye (as opposed to intrinsic fluorescence or autofluorescence of molecules which does not require such labelling). They are available for a wide range of parameters including ROS (H2O2, [[Amplex red]]) (HOO-, MitoSOX) , mitochondrial membrane potential ([[Safranin]], JC1, [[TMRM]], [[Rhodamine 123]]), Ca2+ ([[Fura2]], Indo 1, [[Calcium Green]]), pH (Fluorescein, HPTS, SNAFL-1), Mg2+ ([[Magnesium Green]]) and redox state (roGFP).[[Magnesium Green]]) and redox state (roGFP).)
F1000Research + ('''F1000Research''' is an Open Research pu … '''F1000Research''' is an Open Research publishing platform for life scientists, offering immediate publication of articles and other research outputs without editorial bias. All articles benefit from transparent peer review and the inclusion of all source data. It is thus not a preprint server, but posters and slides can be published without author fees. Published posters and slides receive a DOI ([[digital object identifier]]) and become citable after a very basic check by our in-house editors. very basic check by our in-house editors.)
FADH2 + ('''FADH2''' and '''FAD''': see [[Flavin adenine dinucleotide]].)
FCCP + ('''FCCP''' (Carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoro-m … '''FCCP''' (Carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoro-methoxyphenyl hydrazone, C10H5F3N4O) is a protonophore or [[uncoupler]]: added at uncoupler concentration U''c''; ''c'' is the [[optimum uncoupler concentration]] in titrations to obtain maximum mitochondrial respiration in the [[noncoupled respiration|noncoupled]] state of [[ET capacity]].[[ET capacity]].)
Fatty acid oxidation + ('''Fatty acid oxidation''' is a multi-step … '''Fatty acid oxidation''' is a multi-step process by which [[fatty acid]]s are broken down in [[β-oxidation]] to generate acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH2 for further electron transfer to CoQ. Whereas NADH is the substrate of CI, FADH2 is the substrate of [[electron-transferring flavoprotein complex]] (CETF) which is localized on the matrix face of the mtIM, and supplies electrons from FADH2 to CoQ. Before the ß-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix, fatty acids (short-chain with 1-6, medium-chain with 7–12, long-chain with >12 carbon atoms) are activated by fatty acyl-CoA synthases (thiokinases) in the cytosol. For the mitochondrial transport of long-chain fatty acids the mtOM-enzyme [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase I]] (CPT-1; considered as a rate-limiting step in FAO) is required which generates an acyl-carnitine intermediate from acyl-CoA and carnitine. In the next step, an integral mtIM protein [[carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase]] (CACT) catalyzes the entrance of acyl-carnitines into the mitochondrial matrix in exchange for free carnitines. In the inner side of the mtIM, another enzyme [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2]] (CPT-2) converts the acyl-carnitines to carnitine and acyl-CoAs, which undergo ß-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids do not require the carnitine shuttle for mitochondrial transport. [[Octanoate]], but not [[palmitate]], (eight- and 16-carbon saturated fatty acids) may pass the mt-membranes, but both are frequently supplied to mt-preparations in the activated form of [[octanoylcarnitine]] or [[palmitoylcarnitine]].mitoylcarnitine]].)
Fatty acid + ('''Fatty acids''' are carboxylic acids wit … '''Fatty acids''' are carboxylic acids with a carbon aliphatic chain. The fatty acids can be divided by the length of this chain, being considered as short-chain (1–6 carbons), medium-chain (7–12 carbons) and long-chain and very long-chain fatty acids (>12 carbons).Long-chain fatty acids must be bound to [[Carnitine|carnitine]] to enter the mitochondrial matrix, in a reaction that can be catalysed by [[Carnitine acyltransferase|carnitine acyltransferase]]. For this reason, long-chain fatty acids, such as [[Palmitate|palmitate]] (16 carbons) is frequently supplied to mt-preparations in the activated form of [[Palmitoylcarnitine|palmitoylcarnitine]].Fatty acids with shorter chains, as [[Octanoate|octanoate]] (8 carbons) may enter the mitochondrial matrix, however, in HRR they are more frequently supplied also in the activated form, such as [[Octanoylcarnitine|octanoylcarnitine]].Once in the mitochondrial matrix, the [[Fatty acid oxidation|fatty acid oxidation]] (FAO) occurs, generating acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH2. In the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state|fatty acid oxidation pathway control state]] electrons are fed into the [[F-junction]] involving the [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF). FAO cannot proceed without a substrate combination of fatty acids & malate, and inhibition of CI blocks FAO. Low concentration of [[malate]], typically 0.1 mM, does not saturate the [[N-pathway]]; but saturates the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state |F-pathway]].tty acid oxidation pathway control state |F-pathway]].)
Fermentation + ('''Fermentation''' is the process of [[energy metabolism]] … '''Fermentation''' is the process of [[energy metabolism]] used to supply ATP, where redox balance is maintained with internally produced electron acceptors (such as pyruvate or fumarate), without the use of external electron acceptors (such as O2). Fermentation thus contrasts with [[cell respiration]] and is an [[anaerobic]] process, but aerobic fermentation may proceed in the presence of oxygen.ic fermentation may proceed in the presence of oxygen.)
File search - DatLab + ('''File search''' yields a list of all fil … '''File search''' yields a list of all files labelled by the experimental code in a selected directory . Click on the file to preview the experimental log. With '''File Search''' you can search in all folders and subfolders on your computer for DatLab files with a selected experimental code. The experimental code is entered in the DatLab file in the window "Experiment" ([F3]). When you click on a folder and press the button search, the DatLab file names will appear on the right window. Click on a DatLab file and further information (e.g. Sample information, Background information) will appear in the window below.ormation) will appear in the window below.)
Filters + ('''Filters''' are materials that have wave … '''Filters''' are materials that have wavelength-dependent transmission characteristics. They are can be used to select the wavelength range of the light emerging from a [[light source]], or the range entering the [[detector]], having passed through the sample. In particular they are used in [[fluorometry]] to exclude wavelengths greater than the excitation wavelength from reaching the sample, preventing absorption interfering with the emitted [[fluorescence]]. Standard '''filters''' can also be used for calibrating purposes.can also be used for calibrating purposes.)
Flavin adenine dinucleotide + ('''Flavin adenine dinucleotide''', FAD and … '''Flavin adenine dinucleotide''', FAD and FADH2, is an oxidation-reduction [[prosthetic group]] (redox cofactor; compare [[NADH]]). FMN and FAD are the prosthetic groups of flavoproteins (flavin dehydrogenases). [[Electron-transfer-pathway state |Type F substrates]] (fatty acids) generate FADH2, the substrate of [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF). Thus FADH2 forms a junction or funnel of electron transfer to CETF, the [[F-junction]] (compare [[N-junction]], [[Q-junction]]), in the [[F-pathway control state]]. In contrast, FADH2 is not the substrate but the internal product of [[succinate dehydrogenase]] (CII). FAD is the oxidized (quinone) form, which is reduced to FADH2 (hydroquinone form) by accepting two electrons and two protons.educed to FADH2 (hydroquinone form) by accepting two electrons and two protons.)
Flavonoids + ('''Flavonoids''' are a group of bioactive … '''Flavonoids''' are a group of bioactive polyphenols with potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, abundant in fruits and vegetables, and in some medicinal herbs. Flavonoids are synthesized in plants from phenylalanine. Dietary intake of flavonoids as nutraceuticals is discussed for targeting T2D and other degenerative diseases.eting T2D and other degenerative diseases.)
Fluorescence + ('''Fluorescence''' is the name given to li … '''Fluorescence''' is the name given to light emitted by a substance when it is illuminated (excited) by light at a shorter wavelength. The [[incident light]] causes an electron transition to a higher energy band in the molecules. The electron then spontaneously returns to its original energy state emitting a photon. The intensity of the emitted light is proportional to the concentration of the substance. Fluorescence is one form of [[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.[[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.)