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List of results

Spectroscopy + ('''Spectroscopy''' is a broader term than [[spectrophotometry]] in that it is concerned with the investigation and measurement of spectra produced when matter interacts with or emits any form electromagnetic radiation.)
Speed + ('''Speed''', ''v'' [m·s-1</s … '''Speed''', ''v'' [m·s-1], is the [[distance]], ''s'' [m], covered by a particle per unit time, irrespective of geometrical direction in space. Therefore, speed is not a [[vector]], in contrast to [[velocity]]. ''v'' = d''s''/d''t'' [m·s-1][velocity]]. ''v'' = d''s''/d''t'' [m·s-1])
Spermidine + ('''Spermidine''' is a polycationic bioacti … '''Spermidine''' is a polycationic bioactive polyamine mainly found in wheat germ, soybean and various vegetables, involved in the regulation of mitophagy, cell growth and cell death. Like other caloric restriction mimetics, spermidine is effective in cardioprotection, neuroprotection and anticancer immunosuppression by preserving mitochondrial function and control of autophagy.ondrial function and control of autophagy.)
Stability + ('''Stability''' determines the accuracy of intensity and [[absorbance]] measurements as a function of time. Instability (see [[drift]] introduces systematic errors in the [[accuracy]] of [[fluorescence]] and [[absorbance]] measurements.)
State 1 + ('''State 1''' is the first respiratory sta … '''State 1''' is the first respiratory state in an oxygraphic protocol described by [[Chance_1955_JBC-III|Chance and Williams (1955)]], when isolated mitochondria are added to mitochondrial respiration medium containing oxygen and inorganic phosphate, but no ADP and no reduced respiratory substrates. In State 1, [[LEAK respiration]] may be supported to some extent by undefined endogenous substrates, which are oxidized and slowly exhausted. After oxidation of endogenous substrates, only residual oxygen consumption remains ([[ROX]]).[[ROX]]).)
State 5 + ('''State 5''' is the [[respiratory state]] … '''State 5''' is the [[respiratory state]] obtained in a protocol with isolated mitochondria after a sequence of [[State 1]] to [[State 4]], when the concentration of O2 is depleted in the closed oxygraph chamber and zero oxygen (the anaerobic state) is reached ([[Chance 1955 JBC-III|Chance and Williams, 1955]]; Table I).State 5 is defined in the original publication in two ways: ''State 5 may be obtained by antimycin A treatment or by anaerobiosis'' (Chance and Williams, 1955; page 414). [[Antimycin A]] treatment yields a State 5 equivalent to a state for measurement of [[residual oxygen consumption]], ROX (which may also be induced by [[rotenone]]+[[myxothiazol]]; [[Gnaiger 2009 Int J Biochem Cell Biol|Gnaiger 2009]]). Setting State 5 equivalent to ROX or anoxia (Chance and Williams 1955) can be rationalized only in the context of measurement of cytochrome redox states, whereas in the context of respiration State 5 is usually referred to as [[anoxic]].[[anoxic]].)
Stirrer power + ('''Stirrer power''' is switched on and off during operation of the [[Oroboros O2k]] in [[DatLab]] by pressing [F11] (left chamber) and [F12] (right chamber), respectively. This is functional only with a stirrer bar added to each O2k chamber.)
Stopper-Shaft conical\white PVDF\central Port + ('''Stopper-Shaft conical\white [[PVDF]] … '''Stopper-Shaft conical\white [[PVDF]]\central Port''': PVDF shaft with one central capillary and conical base, receptacle on the top for collecting excess medium during closing the O2k-Chamber and during titration; component of [[Stopper\white PVDF\conical Shaft\central Port]].'''Discontinued'''[[Stopper\white PVDF\conical Shaft\central Port]]. '''Discontinued''')
Stray light + ('''Stray light''' is defined as the detect … '''Stray light''' is defined as the detected light of any wavelength that lies outside the [[bandwidth]] of the selected wavelength. In the presence of '''stray light''' of intensity ''I''''s'', the equation for [[transmittance]] (''T'') becomes ''T'' = (''I'' + ''I''''s'')/(''I''''0'' + ''I''''s'') where ''I''''0'' is the incident light intensity and ''I'' is the transmitted light intensity. Clearly, the lower the value of ''I'', the more dominant becomes the '''stray light''' term and so can cause errors in the quantification of low [[fluorescence]] signals or at high levels of [[absorbance]].[[absorbance]].)
Strobilurin + ('''Strobilurin''': {''Quote''} Strobilurin … '''Strobilurin''': {''Quote''} Strobilurins are a group of chemical compounds used in agriculture as fungicides. They are part of the larger group of QoI inhibitors, which act to inhibit {''end of Quote'': [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobilurin]} respiratory [[Complex III]].[[Complex III]].)
Submitochondrial particles + ('''Submitochondrial particles''' (smtp) co … '''Submitochondrial particles''' (smtp) consist of membrane fragments which retain most of the enzymatic machinery required in electron transfer and [[oxidative phosphorylation]]. Such membrane fragments are continuous closed vesicles formed by resealing of mt-membrane fragments after disruption of the mitochondrial structure. smtp are used to isolate the inner-[[membrane-bound ET pathway]] (mETS) from the upstream modules of the [[Electron transfer pathway]] (ETS) which are located in the mt-matrix and outer mt-membrane (transporters). smtp are obtained by treatment of mitochondria with membrane-dispersing agents such as digitonin at high concentration or by sonic irradiation.igh concentration or by sonic irradiation.)
Subsample + ('''Subsamples''' can be obtained (1) from … '''Subsamples''' can be obtained (1) from a homogenous [[sample]] (e.g. cell suspension, tissue homogenate, isolated mitochondria), (2) as subsamples obtained by splitting a sample into comparable parts (e.g. permeabilized muscle fibres from a biopsy split into different chambers for repeated measurements), or (3) repetitive sampling (e.g. taking multiple biopsies) at a single time point. Subsamples may be used for (i) application of different types of [[assay]] (e.g. for measurement of respiration and enzyme activities), and (ii) a number of [[repetitions]], ''n'', of the same assay on the same sample.n'', of the same assay on the same sample.)
Subscripts in physical chemistry + ('''Subscripts in physical chemistry''' are … '''Subscripts in physical chemistry''' are used to differentiate symbols of different quantities. While these subscripts need to be short to be readable, they have to be distinct and well defined. Several subscripts relate to fundamental terms and concepts, summarized in a list below. and concepts, summarized in a list below.)
Pathway control ratio + ('''Substrate control ratios''' are [[flux control ratio]] … '''Substrate control ratios''' are [[flux control ratio]]s ''FCR'', at a constant mitochondrial [[coupling-control state]]. Whereas there are only three well-defined coupling-control states of mitochondrial respiration, ''L'', ''P'', ''E'' ([[LEAK respiration]], [[OXPHOS]], [[Electron transfer pathway]]), numerous [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s are possible. Careful selection of the reference state, ''J''ref, is required, for which some guidelines may be provided without the possibility to formulate general rules. ''FCR'' are best defined by taking ''J''ref as the maximum flux (e.g. [[NS |NS''E'']]), such that flux in various other respiratory states, ''Ji'', is smaller or equal to ''J''ref. However, this is not generally possible with ''FCR''. For instance, the [[N/S pathway control ratio]] (at constant coupling-control state) may be larger or smaller than 1.0, depending on the mitochondrial source and various mitochondrial injuries. The [[S-pathway control state]] may be selected preferentially as ''J''ref, if mitochondria with variable [[N]]-linked injuries are studied. In contrast, the [[reference state]], ''Z'', is strictly defined for [[flux control efficiency]].[[flux control efficiency]].)
Succinate dehydrogenase + ('''Succinate dehydrogenase''' is a [[TCA cycle]] … '''Succinate dehydrogenase''' is a [[TCA cycle]] enzyme converting [[succinate]] to [[fumarate]] while reducing FAD to FADH2. SDH is the largest component of the mt-inner membrane [[Complex II]] (CII) and thus part of the TCA cycle and [[electron transfer pathway]].[[electron transfer pathway]].)
Succinyl-CoA ligase + ('''Succinyl-CoA ligase''' (SUCLA or SUCLG) … '''Succinyl-CoA ligase''' (SUCLA or SUCLG) is a TCA cycle enzyme converting succinyl-CoA + ADP or (GDP) + Pi to [[succinate]] + ATP (GTP). Two different isoforms exsist: SUCLA (EC: 6.2.1.5) is the ATP-forming isoenzyme, SUCLG (EC: 6.2.1.4) is the GTP-forming isoenzyme. Both reactions are reversible. This reaction is attributed to mitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation, which is considered as an alternative way of ATP synthesis because it is partially independent from the respiratory chain and from the mitochondrial proton motive force.rom the mitochondrial proton motive force.)
Sulfide quinone reductase + ('''Sulfide quinone reductase''' (SQR) is i … '''Sulfide quinone reductase''' (SQR) is involved in electron transfer from sulfide which is used as a hydrogen donor by the mitochondrial respiratory system. SQR is associated with a [[dioxygenase]] and a [[sulfur transferase]] to release thiosulfate (H2S2O3).(H2S2O3).)
Sulfite oxidase + ('''Sulfite oxidase''' (SO) is a dimeric en … '''Sulfite oxidase''' (SO) is a dimeric enzyme, located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria, with each monomer containing a single Mo cofactor and cyt b5-type heme [1]. SO catalyzes the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate as the terminal step in the metabolism of sulfur amino acids and is vital for human health. Inherited mutations in SO result in severe neurological problems, stunted brain growth, and early death [2]. Function: SO catalyzes the terminal reaction in the oxidative degradation of sulfur amino acids with the formation of a sulfate, electrons pass to cytochrom ''c'' and are further utilized in the respiratory system.Sulfite + O2 + H2O --> Sulfate + H2O2 Localization: The level of expression of SO differs in various tissues with main predominant localization in liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart, placenta, and brain in humans and liver, kidney, heart, brain, and lung in rats [3]. Deficiency: SO is vital for metabolic pathways of sulfur amino acids (cysteine and methionine). Complete lack of this enzyme, typically caused by gene mutation, leads to lethal disease called sulfite oxidase deficiency characterized by neurological abnormalities with brain atrophy.ed sulfite oxidase deficiency characterized by neurological abnormalities with brain atrophy.)
Synchronous time axes + ('''Synchronous time axes''' sets, if ticked, the time axes of all graphs at an identical range and offset, which is particularly useful while panning.)
T-Shirt: Oroboros black/organic cotton + ('''T-Shirt Oroboros black/organic cotton''': An Oroboros on the front.)
TIP2k and O2k-upgrade\B + ('''TIP2k and O2k-Upgrade\B''': Titration-Injection microPump TIP2k, including the electronic upgrade of the O2k-main unit returned to workshop (Series B-D). '''Discontinued''')
TIP2k cooling box + ('''TIP2k-Cooling Box''': Cooling box for TIP2k syringes. '''Discontinued''')
TIP2k-Needle Safety Support + ('''TIP2k-Needle Safety Support''': for safe storage of TIP2k-needles when not required during the experiment. This item is a standard component of the [[TIP2k-Module]].)
TMRM + ('''TMRM''' (tetramethylrhodamine methyl es … '''TMRM''' (tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester) is an [[extrinsic fluorophores|extrinsic fluorophore]] used as a probe to determine changes in [[Mitochondrial_membrane_potential|mitochondrial membrane potential]]. TMRM is a lipophilic cation that is accumulated in the mitochondrial matrix in proportion to Δ''ψ''mt. Upon accumulation of the dye it exhibits a red shift in its absorption and fluorescence emission spectrum. The fluorescence intensity is quenched when the dye is accumulated in the mitochondrial matrix.en the dye is accumulated in the mitochondrial matrix.)
Tetrahydrofolate + ('''Tetrahydrofolate''', THF, is the substrate in mitochondrial folate-mediated 1C metabolism, an [[NADH-linked pathway]] leading to the formation of formate which is exported to the cytosol.)

('''Tetraphenylphosphonium''' (TPP+). A lipophilic molecular p)

Tetraphenylphosphonium + ('''Tetraphenylphosphonium''' (TPP+). A lipophilic molecular probe in conjunction with an ion selective electrode (ISE) for [[Mitochondrial membrane potential | measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential]].)
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone + ('''Thenoyltrifluoroacetone''' TTFA is a noncompetitive inhibitor of CII binding on the quinone-binding (SDHC/SDHD).)
Thioredoxin reductase + ('''Thioredoxin reductase''' (TrxR) is a family of enzymes able to reduce thioredoxin in mammals.)
Time resolution + ('''Time resolution''' in respirometric measurements is influenced by three parameters: the [[response time of the POS]], the data sampling interval and the number of points used for flux calculation.)
Traceability + ('''Traceability''' is the property of the … '''Traceability''' is the property of the result of a measurement or the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated references, usually national or international standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons all having stated uncertainties [SOURCE: VIM:1993, definition 6.10].nties [SOURCE: VIM:1993, definition 6.10].)
Trueness of measurement + ('''Trueness of measurement''' is the close … '''Trueness of measurement''' is the closeness of agreement between the average value obtained from a large series of results of measurements and a true value (adapted from ISO 3534-1:1993, definition 3.12). The degree of trueness is usually expressed numerically by the statistical measure bias that is inversely related to trueness and is the difference between the expectation of the results of measurement and a true value of the [[measurand]].[[measurand]].)
Trueness + ('''Trueness''' is understood as the lack of [[bias]] and the instrument calibration procedures are the key factor on establishing and correcting it.)
USB-RS232 Serial Adapter + ('''USB-RS232 Serial Adapter''', for connec … '''USB-RS232 Serial Adapter''', for connecting the [[RS232-Cable]] attached to the [[O2k-Main Unit]] (Series A-D) to the USB port of the PC or laptop. This is not required for O2k-Series E, nor when using a PC or laptop with a serial RS232 port. '''Discontinued'''th a serial RS232 port. '''Discontinued''')
Uncertainty of measurement + ('''Uncertainty of measurement''' is a para … '''Uncertainty of measurement''' is a parameter, associated with the result of a [[measurement]], that characterizes the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the [[measurand]]. The parameter can be, for example, a standard deviation (or a given multiple of it), or the half-width of an interval having a stated level of confidence. The components of uncertainty are evaluated experimentally from statistical distributions (Type A) or evaluated from assumed probability distributions based on experience or other information (Type B). All components are expressed as standard uncertainties that are combined into one final expression.at are combined into one final expression.)
Uncoupling protein 1 + ('''Uncoupling protein 1''' (UCP1) is also … '''Uncoupling protein 1''' (UCP1) is also called thermogenin and is predominantly found in brown adipose tissue (BAT). UCP1 belongs to the gene family of [[uncoupling proteins]]. It is vital for the maintenance of body temperature, especially for small mammals. As the essential component of non-shivering thermogenesis, it possesses the ability to build and open a pore in the inner mitochondrial membrane through which protons may flow along their electrochemical gradient, generated by respiration, bypassing the ATP-producing re-entry site at the F1F0-ATP synthase. Thereby the energy stored in the electrochemical gradient is dissipated as heat.rochemical gradient is dissipated as heat.)
Uncoupling protein 2 + ('''Uncoupling protein 2''' (UCP2) belongs to the gene family of [[uncoupling proteins]]. Whereas [[Uncoupling protein 1 |UCP1]] acts as an [[uncoupler]], this may not be the case for UCP2.)
Uncoupling proteins + ('''Uncoupling proteins''' (UCPs) are mitoc … '''Uncoupling proteins''' (UCPs) are mitochondrial anion carrier proteins that can be found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of animals and plants. [[Uncoupling protein 1 |UCP1]] acts as an [[uncoupler]] by dissipating the electrochemical proton gradient ([[mitochondrial membrane potential]]), generated by the [[electron transfer pathway]] by pumping protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the mitochondrial intermembrane space. to the mitochondrial intermembrane space.)
Units in figures and tables + ('''Units in figures and tables''' are spec … '''Units in figures and tables''' are specified together with the numerical values. The ''value'' of a quantity ''Q'' is the product of a [[number]] ''N'' and a [[unit]] ''u''''Q''. Abstract units ''u''''Q'' (such as dm3=L, kg, J) are linked to measured quantities (such as volume, mass, energy): Eq.(1) ''Q''''u'' = ''N''·''u''''Q''The multiplication in Eq.(1) can be handled like any mathematical equation and re-arranged to the form which indicates the meaning (left) of a number (right): Eq.(2a) ''Q''''u''/''u''''Q'' = ''N'' Eq.(2b) ''N''''X''/x = ''N''When numbers are given on the axes of figures and in tables, the corresponding labels should be indicated according to Eq.(2), where Eq.(2a) applies to measured quantities, whereas Eq.(2b) relates to the countable quantity, i.e. [[count]] with unit [x]. For example, the axis label for volume-specific oxygen flux may be written as ''J''''V'',O2 / [pmol/(s·mL)] and cell-count specific oxygen flow as ''I''O2 / [amol/(s·x)].s ''J''''V'',O2 / [pmol/(s·mL)] and cell-count specific oxygen flow as ''I''O2 / [amol/(s·x)].)
Velocity + ('''Velocity''', '''''v''''' [m·s … '''Velocity''', '''''v''''' [m·s-1], is the [[speed]] in a defined spatial direction, and as such velocity is a [[vector]]. Velocity is the [[advancement]] in distance per unit time, '''''v''''' ≡ d'''''z''''' ∙ d''t''-1 [m·s-1] d'''''z''''' ∙ d''t''-1 [m·s-1])
Viable cells + ('''Viable cells''' vce are characterized by an intact plasma membrane barrier function. The total cell count (''N''ce) is the sum of viable cells (''N''vce) and dead cells (''N''dce).)
Viton + ('''Viton'''® is a fluoroelastomer with excellent resistance to aggressive fuels and chemicals. Viton is resistant against oxygen diffusion which makes it an ideal material for high-resolution respirometry (Viton O-rings).)
Volume + ('''Volume''' ''V'' is a derived quantity b … '''Volume''' ''V'' is a derived quantity based on the SI base quantity [[length]] [m] and is expressed in terms of [[SI base units]] in the derived unit cubic meter [m3]. The liter [L = dm3] is a conventional unit of volume for concentration and is used for most solution chemical kinetics. The volume ''V'' contained in a system (experimental chamber) is separated from the environment by the system boundaries; this is called the volume of the system, and described in practical language as big/small (derived from [[length]], [[height]]) or voluminous. Systems are defined at constant volume or constant [[pressure]]. For a pure sample S, the volume ''V''S of the pure sample equals the volume ''V'' of the system, ''V''S = ''V''. For [[sample]] s in a mixture, the ratio ''V''s·''V''-1 is the nondimensional [[volume fraction]] ''Φ''s of sample s. Quantities divided by volume are [[concentration]]s of sample s in a mixture, such as [[count]] concentration ''CX'' = ''NX''·''V''-1 [x·L-1], and amount of substance concentration ''C''B = ''n''B·''V''-1 [mol·L-1]. Mass concentration is [[density]] ''ρ''s = ''m''s·''V''-1 [kg·L-1]. In closed compressible systems (with a gas phase), the concentration of the gas increases, when pressure-volume [[work]] is performed on the system.is performed on the system.)
Wavelength averaging + ('''Wavelength averaging''' is the averagin … '''Wavelength averaging''' is the averaging of several adjacent data points across the recorded spectrum (spectral [[smoothing]]), to improve the [[signal-to-noise ratio]]. For example, if the instrument recorded 5 data points per nm, the average of the 5 points can be taken for each successive nm across the range of the spectrum to give a 5-point smoothing. This method clearly reduces the wavelength [[resolution]].[[resolution]].)
Work + ('''Work''' [J] is a specific form of [[energy]] … '''Work''' [J] is a specific form of [[energy]] in the First Law of thermodynamics, and a specific form of [[exergy]] in the Second Law of thermodynamics, performed by a closed or open system on its surroundings (the environment). This is the definition of ''external'' work, which is zero in [[isolated system]]s. The term exergy includes external and internal work. Mechanical work is force [N] times path length [m]. The internal-energy change of a closed system, d''U'', is due to external exchange (e) of work and heat, and external total work (et, including pressure-volume work) is the internal-energy change minus heat, det''W'' = d''U'' - de''Q''b>et''W'' = d''U'' - de''Q'')
Zero calibration + ('''Zero calibration''' is, together with [[air calibration]] … '''Zero calibration''' is, together with [[air calibration]], one of the two steps of the POS calibration. It is performed in the [[closed chamber]] after all the oxygen has been depleted by the addition of [[dithionite]] or by respiration of [[Isolated mitochondria |imt]] or [[Living cells |cells]]. Any incubation medium can be used for zero calibration with dithionite or sample. Unlike air calibration, it is not necessary to perform a zero calibration on each experimental day. After performing a zero calibration, it is recommended not running other experiments on the same day. Even after standard cleaning of the O2k-chambers, there might be residual amounts of reduced dithionite in the chamber, affecting the oxygen flux in subsequent experiments performed on the same day.ent experiments performed on the same day.)
DatLab 2 + ('''[[DatLab]] 2''' (DL2) is a MS-DOS programe. DL2 is still used for analysis of [[oxygen kinetics]], after exporting files recorded in recent DatLab versions. A user-friendly O2-kinetics module is in preparation (DL8).)
Substrates as electron donors + ('''[[Substrate]] … '''[[Substrate]]s as electron donors''' are reduced fuel compounds ''S''red that are oxidized to an oxidized product ''P''ox during H+-linked electron transfer, ''S''red → ''P''ox + 2{H+ + e-}. Mitochondrial respiration depends on a continuous flow of electron-supplying substrates across the mitochondrial membranes into the matrix space. Many substrates are strong anions that cannot permeate lipid membranes and hence require carriers.anes into the matrix space. Many substrates are strong anions that cannot permeate lipid membranes and hence require carriers.)
Base quantities and count + ('''[[Template:Base quantities and count]]''')
ArXiv preprint server + ('''arXiv''' is a classic preprint server i … '''arXiv''' is a classic preprint server initiated in 1991 by Paul Ginsparg. {''Quote''} arXiv.org is a highly-automated electronic archive and distribution server for research articles. Covered areas include physics, mathematics, computer science, nonlinear sciences, quantitative biology, quantitative finance, statistics, electrical engineering and systems science, and economics. arXiv is maintained and operated by Cornell University with guidance from the arXiv Scientific Advisory Board and the arXiv Member Advisory Board, and with the help of numerous subject moderators. {''end of Quote''}. arXiv rejects abstracts that are submitted without accompanying paper. are submitted without accompanying paper.)
BioRxiv preprint server for biology + ('''bioRxiv''' (pronounced "bio-archive") i … '''bioRxiv''' (pronounced "bio-archive") is a free online archive and distribution service for unpublished preprints in the life sciences. It was launched in 2013 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press in New York, and is operated by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, a not-for-profit research and educational institution. By posting preprints on bioRxiv, authors are able to make their findings immediately available to the scientific community and receive feedback on draft manuscripts before they are submitted to journals. bioRxiv is intended for rapid sharing of new research. Some review articles contain new data/analyses and may therefore be deemed appropriate. Reviews that solely summarize existing knowledge are not appropriate and neither are term papers, book excerpts, and undergraduate dissertations.excerpts, and undergraduate dissertations.)