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List of results

Membrane-bound ET pathway + (The '''membrane-bound [[electron transfer pathway]] … The '''membrane-bound [[electron transfer pathway]] (mET pathway)''' consists in mitochondria mainly of [[respiratory complexes]] CI, CII, electron transferring flavoprotein complex (CETF), glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex (CGpDH), and choline dehydrogenase, with [[convergent electron flow]] at the [[Q-junction]] (Coenzyme Q), and the two downstream respiratory complexes connected by cytochrome ''c'', CIII and CIV, with oxygen as the final electron acceptor. The mET-pathway is the terminal (downstream) module of the mitochondrial [[ET pathway]] and can be isolated from the ET-pathway in [[submitochondrial particles]] (SmtP).[[submitochondrial particles]] (SmtP).)
Meter + (The '''meter''', symbol m, is the SI unit … The '''meter''', symbol m, is the SI unit of the SI base quantity [[length]] ''l''. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed of light ''c'' in vacuum to be 299 792 458 when expressed in the unit m·s−1, where the second is defined in terms of the caesium frequency Δ''ν''Cs.in terms of the caesium frequency Δ''ν''Cs.)
Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel + (The '''mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel''' (mtKATP or mitoKATP).)
Mitochondrial free radical theory of aging + (The '''mitochondrial free radical theory o … The '''mitochondrial free radical theory of aging''' goes back to Harman (1956) and ranks among the most popular theories of aging. It is based on postulates which are not unequivocally supported by observation (Bratic, Larsson 2013):(i) Mitochondrial ROS production increases with age caused by progressive mitochondrial dysfunction;(ii) antioxidat capacity declines with age;(iii) mutations of somatic mtDNA accumulate during aging;(iv) a vicious cycle occurs of increased ROS production caused by mtDNA mutations and degenerated mt-function, and due to ROS-induced ROS production.on, and due to ROS-induced ROS production.)
Mitochondrial inner membrane + (The '''mitochondrial inner membrane''' mtI … The '''mitochondrial inner membrane''' mtIM is the structure harboring the membrane-bound [[electron transfer system]] ETS including the respiratory complexes working as [[hydrogen ion pump]]s, the mt-[[phosphorylation system]] including the hydrogen ion pump [[ATP synthase]], several substrate transporters involved in the [[electron transfer pathway]], and a variety of other ion pumps that carry [[proton]] charge (Ca2+, Mg2+). The [[protonmotive force]] is the electrochemical potential difference across the mtIM generated by the [[hydrogen ion pumps]] of the .[[hydrogen ion pumps]] of the .)
Mitochondrial matrix + (The '''mitochondrial matrix''' (mt-matrix) … The '''mitochondrial matrix''' (mt-matrix) is enclosed by the mt-inner membrane mtIM. The terms mitochondrial matrix space or mitochondrial lumen are used synonymously. The mt-matrix contains the enzymes of the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]], [[fatty acid oxidation]] and a variety of enzymes that have cytosolic counterparts (e.g. [[glutamate dehydrogenase]], [[malic enzyme]]). Metabolite concentrations, such as the concentrations of fuel substrates, adenylates (ATP, ADP, AMP) and redox systems (NADH), can be very different in the mt-matrix, the mt-intermembrane space, and the cytosol. The finestructure of the gel-like mt-matrix is subject of current research. mt-matrix is subject of current research.)
Mitochondrial membrane potential + (The '''mitochondrial membrane potential''' … The '''mitochondrial membrane potential''' difference, mtMP or Δ''Ψ''p+ = Δel''F''''e''p+, is the electric part of the protonmotive [[force]], Δp = Δm''F''''e''H+.:::: Δel''F''''e''p+ = Δm''F''''e''H+ - Δd''F''''e''H+:::: Δ''Ψ''p+ = Δp - Δ''µ''H+·(''z''H+·''F'')-1Δ''Ψ''p+ is the potential difference across the mitochondrial inner membrane (mtIM), expressed in the electric unit of volt [V]. Electric force of the mitochondrial membrane potential is the electric energy change per ‘motive’ charge or per charge moved across the transmembrane potential difference, with the number of ‘motive’ charges expressed in the unit coulomb [C].t;p+ is the potential difference across the mitochondrial inner membrane (mtIM), expressed in the electric unit of volt [V]. Electric force of the mitochondrial membrane potential is the electric energy change per ‘motive’ charge or per charge moved across the transmembrane potential difference, with the number of ‘motive’ charges expressed in the unit coulomb [C].)
Mitochondrial outer membrane + (The '''mitochondrial outer membrane''' is … The '''mitochondrial outer membrane''' is the incapsulating membrane which is osmotically not active and contains the cytochrome ''b''5 enzyme similar to that found in the endoplasmatic reticulum, the translocases of the outer membrane, monoaminooxidase, the palmitoyl-CoA synthetase and carnytil-CoA transferase 1.lmitoyl-CoA synthetase and carnytil-CoA transferase 1.)
Motive unit + (The '''motive unit''' [MU] is the variable … The '''motive unit''' [MU] is the variable SI unit in which the [[motive entity]] (transformant) of a transformation is expressed, which depends on the energy transformation under study and on the chosen [[format]]. Fundamental MU for electrochemical transformations are:* MU = x, for the particle or molecular format, ''N''* MU = mol, for the chemical or molar format, ''n''* MU = C, for the electrical format, ''e''; For the [[protonmotive force]] the motive entity is the proton with charge number ''z''=1. The protonmotive force is expressed in the electrical or molar format with MU J/C=V or J/mol=Jol, respectively. The conjugated flows, ''I'', are expressed in corresponding electrical or molar formats, C/s = A or mol/s, respectively.The [[charge number]], ''z'', has to be considered in the conversion of motive units (compare Table below), if a change not only of units but a transition between the entity [[elementary charge]] and an entity with charge number different from unity is involved (''e.g.'', O2 with ''z''=4 in a redox reaction). The ratio of elementary charges per reacting O2 molecule (''z''O2=4) is multiplied by the elementary charge (''e'', coulombs per proton), which yields coulombs per O2 [C∙x-1]. This in turn is multiplied with the [[Avogadro constant]], ''N''A (O2 molecules per mole O2 [x∙mol-1]), thus obtaining for ''zeN''A the ratio of elementary charges [C] per amount of O2 [mol-1]. The conversion factor for O2 is 385.94132 C∙mmol-1., thus obtaining for ''zeN''A the ratio of elementary charges [C] per amount of O2 [mol-1]. The conversion factor for O2 is 385.94132 C∙mmol-1.)
Ordinate + (The '''ordinate''' is the vertical axis ''y'' of a rectangular two-dimensional graph with the [[abscissa]] ''x'' as the horizontal axis. Values ''Y'' are placed vertically from the origin. See [[Ordinary Y/X regression |Ordinary ''Y''/''X'' regression]].)
Oxycaloric equivalent + (The '''oxycaloric equivalent''' is the the … The '''oxycaloric equivalent''' is the theoretically derived enthalpy change of the oxidative catabolic reactions per amount of oxygen respired, Deltak''H''O2, ranging from -430 to -480 kJ/mol O2. The oxycaloric equivalent is used in [[indirect calorimetry]] to calculate the theoretically expected metabolic heat flux from the respirometrically measured metabolic oxygen flux. [[Calorespirometric ratio|Calorimetric/respirometric ratios]] (CR ratios; heat/oxygen flux ratios) are experimentally determined by [[calorespirometry]]. A CR ratio more exothermic than the oxycaloric equivalent of -480 kJ/mol indicates the simultaneous involvement of aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms of energy metabolism.ltaneous involvement of aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms of energy metabolism.)
Oxygen signal + (The '''oxygen signal''' of the [[Oroboros O2k]] … The '''oxygen signal''' of the [[Oroboros O2k]] is transmitted from the electrochemical polarographic oxygen sensor ([[OroboPOS]]) for each of the two O2k-chambers to [[DatLab]]. The primary signal is a current [µA] which is converted into a voltage [V] (raw signal), and calibrated in SI units for amount of substance concentration [µmol·L-1 or µM]. For technical reasons, the raw signal is given in [V] (DatLab 7 and previous) or [µA] (DatLab 8). The value of the raw signal is the same, independent of the displayed unit ([V] or [µA]). In the following sections, only [µA] is used for information on the raw signal, but the same values in [V] apply for the raw signal when using DL7 or previous versions.or the raw signal when using DL7 or previous versions.)
Oxygen solubility factor + (The '''oxygen solubility factor''' of the … The '''oxygen solubility factor''' of the incubation medium, ''F''M, expresses the effect of the salt concentration on [[oxygen solubility]] relative to pure water. In mitochondrial respiration medium [[MiR05]], [[MiR05-Kit]] and [[MiR06]], ''F''M is 0.92 (determined at 30 and 37 °C) and in culture media is 0.89 (at 37 °C). ''F''M varies depending on the temperature and composition of the medium. To determine the FM based on the oxygen concentration, specific methods and equipment are needed (see references Rasmussen HN, Rasmussen UF 2003 in [https://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php/MiPNet06.03_POS-calibration-SOP MiPNet06.03]). For other media, ''F''M may be estimated using Table 4 in [https://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php/MiPNet06.03_POS-calibration-SOP MiPNet06.03]. For this purpose KCl based media can be described as "seawater" of varying salinity. The original data on sucrose and KCl-media (Reynafarje et al 1985), however, have been critizesed as artefacts and the ''F''M of 0.92 is suggested in the temperature range of 10 °C to 40 °C as for MiR05.M of 0.92 is suggested in the temperature range of 10 °C to 40 °C as for MiR05.)
Oxygen solubility + (The '''oxygen solubility''', ''S''<sub& … The '''oxygen solubility''', ''S''O2 [µM/kPa] = [(µmol·L-1)/kPa], expresses the oxygen concentration in solution in equilibrium with the [[oxygen pressure]] in a gas phase, as a function of temperature and composition of the solution. The inverse of oxygen solubility is related to the [[activity]] of dissolved oxygen. The oxygen solubility in solution, ''S''O2(aq), depends on temperature and the concentrations of solutes in solution, whereas the dissolved oxygen concentration at equilibrium with air, ''c''O2*(aq), depends on ''S''O2(aq), barometric pressure and temperature. ''S''O2(aq) in pure water is 10.56 µM/kPa at 37 °C and 12.56 µM/kPa at 25 °C. At standard [[barometric pressure]] (100 kPa), ''c''O2*(aq) is 207.3 µM at 37 °C (19.6 kPa partial oxygen pressure) or 254.7 µM at 25 °C (20.3 kPa partial oxygen pressure). In [[MiR05]] and serum, the corresponding saturation concentrations are lower due to the [[oxygen solubility factor]]: 191 and 184 µM at 37 °C or 234 and 227 µM at 25 °C.lubility factor]]: 191 and 184 µM at 37 °C or 234 and 227 µM at 25 °C.)
PH + (The '''pH value''' or pH is the negative o … The '''pH value''' or pH is the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the [[activity]] of [[proton]]s (hydrogen ions, H+). A [[pH electrode]] reports the pH and is sensitive to the activity of H+. In dilute solutions, the hydrogen ion activity is approximately equal to the hydrogen ion [[concentration]]. The symbol pH stems from the term ''potentia hydrogenii''.[[concentration]]. The symbol pH stems from the term ''potentia hydrogenii''.)
Partial oxygen pressure + (The '''partial oxygen pressure''' ''p''< … The '''partial oxygen pressure''' ''p''O2 [kPa] is the contribution of the O2 gas pressure to the total gas pressure. According to the gas law, the partial oxygen pressure is ''p''O2(g) = ''n''O2(g)·''V''·''RT'', where the [[concentration]] is ''c''O2(g) = ''n''O2(g)·''V''-1 [mol·m-3], ''R'' is the [[gas constant]], and ''T'' is the absolute temperature, and ''RT'' is expressed in units of chemical force [J·mol-1]. In aqueous solutions at equilibrium with a gas phase, the partial O2 pressures are equal in the aqueous phase (aq) and gas phase (g), ''p''O2(aq) = ''p''O2(g) at total [[pressure]]s where the partial pressure equals the fugacity. The O2 concentration in the aqueous phase, however, is much lower than in the gas phase, due to the low [[oxygen solubility]] in water. The activity of dissolved O2 is expressed by the ''p''O2, where the [[solubility]] can be seen as an activity coefficient.ubility]] can be seen as an activity coefficient.)
Particle charge + (The '''particle charge''' ''QN& … The '''particle charge''' ''QNX'' (''QNX'') or charge per elementary entity is the [[charge]] ''Q''el''X'' [C] carried by ions of type ''X'' divided by the count ''NX'' [x]. The particle charge per proton is the [[elementary charge]] or proton charge ''e''.[[elementary charge]] or proton charge ''e''.)
Pascal + (The '''pascal''' [Pa] is the SI unit for [[pressure]] … The '''pascal''' [Pa] is the SI unit for [[pressure]]. [Pa] = [J·m-3] = [N·m-2] = [m-1·kg·s-2].The standard pressure is 100 kPa = 1 bar (105 Pa; 1 kPa = 1000 Pa). Prior to 1982 the standard pressure has been defined as 101.325 kPa or 1 standard atmosphere (1 atm = 760 mmHg).982 the standard pressure has been defined as 101.325 kPa or 1 standard atmosphere (1 atm = 760 mmHg).)
Phosphate carrier + (The '''phosphate carrier''' (PiC) is a pro … The '''phosphate carrier''' (PiC) is a proton/phosphate symporter which transports negatively charged [[inorganic phosphate]] across the inner mt-membrane. The transport can be described either as symport of H+ with Pi, or antiport of hydroxide anion against Pi. The phosphate carrier is a component of the [[phosphorylation system]].[[phosphorylation system]].)
Primary sample + (The '''primary sample''' or '''specimen''' … The '''primary sample''' or '''specimen''' is a set of one or more parts initially taken from an object. In some countries, the term “specimen” is used instead of primary sample (or a subsample of it), which is the sample prepared for sending to, or as received by, the laboratory and which is intended for examination.ory and which is intended for examination.)
Protonmotive force + (The '''protonmotive force''' ∆m … The '''protonmotive force''' ∆m''F''H+ is known as Δp in Peter Mitchell’s chemiosmotic theory [1], which establishes the link between electric and chemical components of energy transformation and coupling in [[oxidative phosphorylation]]. The unifying concept of the ''pmF'' ranks among the most fundamental theories in biology. As such, it provides the framework for developing a consistent theory and nomenclature for mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. The protonmotive force is not a vector force as defined in physics. This conflict is resolved by the generalized formulation of isomorphic, compartmental [[force]]s, ∆tr''F'', in energy (exergy) transformations [2]. Protonmotive means that there is a potential for the movement of protons, and force is a measure of the potential for motion.The ''pmF'' is generated in [[oxidative phosphorylation]] by oxidation of reduced fuel substrates and reduction of O2 to H2O, driving the coupled proton translocation from the mt-matrix space across the mitochondrial inner membrane (mtIM) through the proton pumps of the [[electron transfer pathway]] (ETS), which are known as respiratory Complexes CI, CIII and CIV. ∆m''F''H+ consists of two partial isomorphic forces: (''1'') The chemical part, ∆d''F''H+, relates to the diffusion (d) of uncharged particles and contains the chemical potential difference§ in H+, ∆''µ''H+, which is proportional to the pH difference, ∆pH. (''2'') The electric part, ∆el''F''p+ (corresponding numerically to ∆''Ψ'')§, is the electric potential difference§, which is not specific for H+ and can, therefore, be measured by the distribution of any permeable cation equilibrating between the negative (matrix) and positive (external) compartment. Motion is relative and not absolute (Principle of Galilean Relativity); likewise there is no absolute potential, but isomorphic forces are stoichiometric potential differences§.The total motive force (motive = electric + chemical) is distinguished from the partial components by subscript ‘m’, ∆m''F''H+. Reading this symbol by starting with the proton, it can be seen as ''pmF'', or the subscript m (motive) can be remembered by the name of Mitchell, ∆m''F''H+ = ∆d''F''H+ + ∆el''F''p+With classical symbols, this equation contains the [[Faraday constant]], ''F'', multiplied implicitly by the charge number of the proton (''z''H+ = 1), and has the form [1] ∆p = ∆''µ''H+∙''F''-1 + ∆''Ψ''A partial electric force of 0.2 V in the electrical [[format]], ∆el''F''''e''H+''a'', is 19 kJ∙mol-1 H+''a'' in the molar format, ∆el''F''''n''p+''a''. For 1 unit of ∆pH, the partial chemical force changes by -5.9 kJ∙mol-1 in the molar format, ∆d''F''''n''H+''a'', and by 0.06 V in the electrical format, ∆d''F''''e''H+''a''. Considering a driving force of -470 kJ∙mol-1 O2 for oxidation, the thermodynamic limit of the H+''a''/O2 ratio is reached at a value of 470/19 = 24, compared to the mechanistic stoichiometry of 20 for the [[N-pathway]] with three coupling sites.)
Protonmotive pressure + (The '''protonmotive pressure''', ∆<sub& … The '''protonmotive pressure''', ∆m''Π''H+ or ''pmP'' [kPa], is an extension of Peter Mitchell’s concept of the [[protonmotive force]] ''pmF'', based on Fick’s law of diffusion and Einstein’s diffusion equation, accounting for osmotic pressure (corresponding to the diffusion term in the ''pmF'') and electric pressure (the electric term or membrane potential in the ''pmF''). The linearity of the generalized flow-pressure relationship explains the non-ohmic flow-force dependence in the proton leak rate as a function of membrane potential.The total motive pressure (motive = electric + chemical) is distinguished from the partial components by subscript ‘m’, ∆m''Π''H+, ∆m''Π''H+ = ∆d''Π''H+ + ∆el''Π''p+ub>''Π''H+ = ∆d''Π''H+ + ∆el''Π''p+)
Raw signal of the oxygen sensor + (The '''raw signal''' of the polarographic … The '''raw signal''' of the polarographic oxygen sensor is the [[current]] ''I''el [µA], 1 µA = 10-6 C·s-1, (DatLab 8) or the electric potential difference ([[voltage]]) [V], 1 V = 1 J·C-1, obtained after a current-to-voltage conversion in the O2k (DatLab 7 and previous versions).btained after a current-to-voltage conversion in the O2k (DatLab 7 and previous versions).)
Reference state + (The '''reference state''' Z (reference rat … The '''reference state''' Z (reference rate ''ZX'') is the respiratory state with high flux in relation to the [[background state]] Y with low background flux ''YX''. The transition between the background state and the reference state is a step brought about by a [[metabolic control variable]] ''X''. If ''X'' stimulates flux (ADP, fuel substrate), it is present in the reference state but absent in the background state. If ''X'' is an inhibitor of flux, it is absent in the reference state but present in the background state. The reference state is specific for a single step to define the [[flux control efficiency]]. In contrast, in a sequence of multiple steps, the common reference state is frequently taken as the state with the highest flux in the entire sequence, as used in the definition of the [[flux control ratio]].[[flux control ratio]].)
Respiratory acceptor control ratio + (The '''respiratory acceptor control ratio' … The '''respiratory acceptor control ratio''' (''RCR'') is defined as [[State 3]]/[[State 4]] [1]. If State 3 is measured at saturating [ADP], ''RCR'' is the inverse of the OXPHOS control ratio, ''[[L/P]]'' (when State 3 is equivalent to the OXPHOS state, ''P''). ''RCR'' is directly but non-linearly related to the [[P-L control efficiency |''P-L'' control efficiency]], ''j''''P-L'' = 1-''L/P'', with boundaries from 0.0 to 1.0. In contrast, ''RCR'' ranges from 1.0 to infinity, which needs to be considered when performing statistical analyses. In living cells, the term ''RCR'' has been used for the ratio [[State 3u]]/[[State 4o]], i.e. for the inverse ''[[L/E]]'' ratio [2,3]. Then for conceptual and statistical reasons, ''RCR'' should be replaced by the [[E-L coupling efficiency |''E-L'' coupling efficiency]], 1-''L/E'' [4].[[E-L coupling efficiency |''E-L'' coupling efficiency]], 1-''L/E'' [4].)

(The '''respiratory acceptor control ratio''' (''RCR'') is defined as [[S)

Signal-to-noise ratio + (The '''signal to noise ratio''' is the ratio of the power of the signal to that of the noise. For example, in [[fluorimetry]] it would be the ratio of the square of the [[fluorescence]] intensity to the square of the intensity of the background noise.)
Slit width + (The '''slit width''' determines the amount of light entering the [[spectrofluorometer]] or [[spectrophotometer]]. A larger slit reduces the [[signal-to-noise ratio]] but reduces the wavelength [[resolution]].)
Solubility + (The '''solubility''' of a gas, ''S''G, is defined as concentration divided by partial pressure, ''S''G = ''c''G·''p''G-1.)
SUIT reference protocol + (The '''substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titra … The '''substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration ([[SUIT]]) reference protocol''', SUIT RP, provides a common baseline for comparison of mitochondrial respiratory control in a large variety of species, tissues and cell types, mt-preparations and laboratories, for establishing a database on comparative mitochondrial phyisology. The SUIT RP consists of two [[harmonized SUIT protocols]] ([[SUIT-001]] - RP1 and [[SUIT-002]] - RP2). These are coordinated such that they can be statistically evaluated as replicate measurements of [[cross-linked respiratory states]], while additional information is obtained when the two protocols are conducted in parallel. Therefore, these harmonized SUIT protocols are complementary with their focus on specific respiratory coupling and pathway control aspects, extending previous strategies for respirometrc OXPHOS analysis.: [[SUIT-001]] (RP1): 1PM;2D;2c;3U;4G;5S;6Oct;7Rot;8Gp;9Ama;10Tm;11Azd: [[SUIT-002]] (RP2): 1D;2OctM;2c;3P;4G;5S;6Gp;7U;8Rot;9Ama;10Tm;11AzdtM;2c;3P;4G;5S;6Gp;7U;8Rot;9Ama;10Tm;11Azd)
Mitochondrial transcription factor A + (The '''transcription factor A''' is a gene … The '''transcription factor A''' is a gene that encodes a mitochondrial transcription factor that is a key activator of mitochondrial transcription as well as a participant in mitochondrial genome replication. TFAM is downstream of [[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha|PGC-1alpha]].[[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha|PGC-1alpha]].)
Tricarboxylate carrier + (The '''tricarboxylate carrier''' in the inner mt-membrane exchanges malate2- for citrate3- or isocitrate3-, with co-transport of H+.)
Tricarboxylic acid cycle + (The '''tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle''' i … The '''tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle''' is a system of enzymes in the mitochondrial matrix arranged in a cyclic metabolic structure, including dehydrogenases that converge in the NADH pool and [[succinate dehydrogenase]] (on the inner side of the inner mt-membrane) for entry into the membrane-bound ET pathway [[Membrane-bound ET pathway|mET pathway]]. [[Citrate synthase]] is a marker enzyme of the TCA cycle, at the gateway into the cycle from [[pyruvate]] via [[acetyl-CoA]]. It is thus the major module of the [[Electron transfer pathway]], upstream of the inner [[Membrane-bound ET pathway|Membrane-bound ET pathway]] (mET-pathway) and downstream of the [[Mitochondrial outer membrane|outer mt-membrane]]. Sections of TCA cycle are required for [[fatty acid oxidation]] (FAO, β-oxidation). [[Anaplerosis|Anaplerotic reactions]] fuel the TCA cycle with other intermediary metabolites. In the cell, the TCA cycle serves also biosynthetic functions by metabolite export from the matrix into the cytosol.e export from the matrix into the cytosol.)
Uncoupling-control ratio + (The '''uncoupling-control ratio''' UCR is … The '''uncoupling-control ratio''' UCR is the ratio of ET-pathway/ROUTINE-respiration (''E/R'') in living cells, evaluated by careful [[uncoupler]] titrations ([[Steinlechner-Maran 1996 Am J Physiol Cell Physiol|Steinlechner et al 1996]]). Compare [[ROUTINE-control ratio]] (''R/E'') [[Gnaiger 2008 POS|(Gnaiger 2008)]].[[Gnaiger 2008 POS|(Gnaiger 2008)]].)
Journal volume + (The '''volume''' of a journal or periodica … The '''volume''' of a journal or periodical is a number, which in many cases indicates the sequential number of years the journal has been published. Alternatively, the volume number may indicate the current year, independent of the year in which the journal published its first volume. A volume may be subdivided into [[Journal issue |issues]].[[Journal issue |issues]].)
Wet mass + (The '''wet mass''' of a tissue or biological sample, obtained after blotting the sample to remove an arbitrary amount of water adhering externally to the sample.)
Permeability transition pore + (The (mitochondrial, mt) permeability trans … The (mitochondrial, mt) permeability transition pore (PTP) is an unspecific pore presumed to involve components of both the inner and outer mt membrane which upon opening induces a massive increase of the inner mt membrane permeability for solutes up to 1.5 kDa. It is crucially involved in cell death induction in response to, among other stimuli, radical stress and/or calcium overload and may cause necrosis or apoptosis. It plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury and possibly various other diseases. Previously considered essential molecular constituents such as the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) and cyclophilin D (CypD) have all been shown to be important regulators of mtPTP opening, but the molecular entities actually forming the pore are still unknown at present. The opening of the pore can be prevented using [[cyclosporin A]], a compound that binds cyclophilin D avoiding the formation of the pore. In respirometry, mtPTP opening may be observed as a sudden decrease of respiration of isolated mitochondria ([[Hansson 2010 J Biol Chem]]).[[Hansson 2010 J Biol Chem]]).)
Search for defective O2k components + (The 2-chamber design of the O2k helps to '''search for defective O2k components''', by switching components linked to O2k chambers A and B between sides A and B.)
P»-system + (The ADP-ATP phosphorylation system or P»-system. ''See'' [[Phosphorylation system]].)
CDGSH iron-sulfur domain proteins + (The CDGSH iron-sulfur domain (CISDs) famil … The CDGSH iron-sulfur domain (CISDs) family of proteins uniquely ligate labile 2Fe-2S clusters with a 3Cys-1His motif. CISD1 and CISD3 have been demonstrated to localize to the outer mitochondrial membrane and mitochondrial matrix respectively, however their relationship to mitochondrial physiology remains ill-defined [1]. The best characterized member of the CISD family, CISD1, has been demonstrated to be involved in respiratory capacity, iron homeostasis, and ROS regulationcity, iron homeostasis, and ROS regulation)
French Group of Bioenergetics + (The French Group of Bioenergetics...)
O2k control panel - DatLab + (The O2k control panel allows for quick acc … The O2k control panel allows for quick access of O2k instrument settings. It covers the right side of the graphical user interface of DatLab 8. If a DatLab protocol is active, the protocol panel ist shown instead, a tab at the right side allows to switch between O2k control panel and protocol panel.ween O2k control panel and protocol panel.)
Reboot O2k - DatLab + (The O2k will automatically shut down and then restart itself without requiring further intervention from the user. This automatic process helps to restore the device to a functional state.)
Closed chamber + (The O2k-chamber can be used as a [[closed system]] or [[open system]]. Gas bubbles must be avoided.)
OroboPOS-Connector Service + (The OroboPOS-Connector Service entails routine maintenance and any necessary repairs of the OroboPOS-Connector in the Oroboros electronics workshop (WGT).)
PC requirements + (The PC requirements for controlling an O2k and data recording with [[DatLab]] are found [[DatLab installation |here]].)
Display Power-O2k + (The Power-O2k number, which is set in the … The Power-O2k number, which is set in the pull-down menu Oroboros O2k \ [[O2k configuration]], is shown in the active graph. To show it in graphs copied to clipboard, the option "Show Oroboros icon in clipboard files" must be enabled in the Graph-menu [[Graph options - DatLab]].[[Graph options - DatLab]].)
TIP2k - DatLab + (The Titration-Injection microPump (TIP2k) provides automated injection of liquids into both O2k chambers. It is controlled via DatLab, allowing for programmable titration regimes and feedback control.)
MtOM + (The [[Mitochondrial outer membrane| '''mitochondrial outer membrane''']])
Succinate transport + (The [[dicarboxylate carrier]] catalyses the electroneutral exchange of succinate2- for HPO4-2-.)
Ampere + (The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of el … The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge ''e'' to be 1.602 176 634 × 10−19 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of Δ''ν''Cs.the second is defined in terms of Δ''ν''Cs.)