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This page provides a simple browsing interface for finding entities described by a property and a named value. Other available search interfaces include the page property search, and the ask query builder.

List of results

• Extensive quantity  + ('''Extensive quantities''' pertain to a to … '''Extensive quantities''' pertain to a total system, e.g. [[oxygen flow]]. An extensive quantity increases proportional with system size. The magnitude of an extensive quantity is completely additive for non-interacting subsystems, such as mass or flow expressed per defined system. The magnitude of these quantities depends on the extent or size of the system ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |Cohen et al 2008]]).[[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |Cohen et al 2008]]).)
• External flow  + ('''External flows''' across the system boundaries are formally reversible. Their irreversible facet is accounted for internally as transformations in a heterogenous system ([[internal flow]]s, ''I''_i).)
• Extinction  + ('''Extinction''' is a synonym for [[absorbance]].)
• Extrinsic fluorophores  + ('''Extrinsic fluorophores''' are molecules … '''Extrinsic fluorophores''' are molecules labelled with a fluorescent dye (as opposed to intrinsic fluorescence or autofluorescence of molecules which does not require such labelling). They are available for a wide range of parameters including ROS (H₂O₂, [[Amplex red]]) (HOO^-, MitoSOX) , mitochondrial membrane potential ([[Safranin]], JC1, [[TMRM]], [[Rhodamine 123]]), Ca²⁺ ([[Fura2]], Indo 1, [[Calcium Green]]), pH (Fluorescein, HPTS, SNAFL-1), Mg²⁺ ([[Magnesium Green]]) and redox state (roGFP).[[Magnesium Green]]) and redox state (roGFP).)
• F1000Research  + ('''F1000Research''' is an Open Research pu … '''F1000Research''' is an Open Research publishing platform for life scientists, offering immediate publication of articles and other research outputs without editorial bias. All articles benefit from transparent peer review and the inclusion of all source data. It is thus not a preprint server, but posters and slides can be published without author fees. Published posters and slides receive a DOI ([[digital object identifier]]) and become citable after a very basic check by our in-house editors. very basic check by our in-house editors.)
• FADH2  + ('''FADH2''' and '''FAD''': see [[Flavin adenine dinucleotide]].)
• FCCP  + ('''FCCP''' (Carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoro-m … '''FCCP''' (Carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoro-methoxyphenyl hydrazone, C₁₀H₅F₃N₄O) is a protonophore or [[uncoupler]]: added at uncoupler concentration U_''c''; ''c'' is the [[optimum uncoupler concentration]] in titrations to obtain maximum mitochondrial respiration in the [[noncoupled respiration|noncoupled]] state of [[ET capacity]].[[ET capacity]].)
• Fatty acid oxidation  + ('''Fatty acid oxidation''' is a multi-step … '''Fatty acid oxidation''' is a multi-step process by which [[fatty acid]]s are broken down in [[β-oxidation]] to generate acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH₂ for further electron transfer to CoQ. Whereas NADH is the substrate of CI, FADH₂ is the substrate of [[electron-transferring flavoprotein complex]] (CETF) which is localized on the matrix face of the mtIM, and supplies electrons from FADH₂ to CoQ. Before the ß-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix, fatty acids (short-chain with 1-6, medium-chain with 7–12, long-chain with >12 carbon atoms) are activated by fatty acyl-CoA synthases (thiokinases) in the cytosol. For the mitochondrial transport of long-chain fatty acids the mtOM-enzyme [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase I]] (CPT-1; considered as a rate-limiting step in FAO) is required which generates an acyl-carnitine intermediate from acyl-CoA and carnitine. In the next step, an integral mtIM protein [[carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase]] (CACT) catalyzes the entrance of acyl-carnitines into the mitochondrial matrix in exchange for free carnitines. In the inner side of the mtIM, another enzyme [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2]] (CPT-2) converts the acyl-carnitines to carnitine and acyl-CoAs, which undergo ß-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids do not require the carnitine shuttle for mitochondrial transport. [[Octanoate]], but not [[palmitate]], (eight- and 16-carbon saturated fatty acids) may pass the mt-membranes, but both are frequently supplied to mt-preparations in the activated form of [[octanoylcarnitine]] or [[palmitoylcarnitine]].mitoylcarnitine]].)
• Fatty acid  + ('''Fatty acids''' are carboxylic acids wit … '''Fatty acids''' are carboxylic acids with a carbon aliphatic chain. The fatty acids can be divided by the length of this chain, being considered as short-chain (1–6 carbons), medium-chain (7–12 carbons) and long-chain and very long-chain fatty acids (>12 carbons).</br>Long-chain fatty acids must be bound to [[Carnitine|carnitine]] to enter the mitochondrial matrix, in a reaction that can be catalysed by [[Carnitine acyltransferase|carnitine acyltransferase]]. For this reason, long-chain fatty acids, such as [[Palmitate|palmitate]] (16 carbons) is frequently supplied to mt-preparations in the activated form of [[Palmitoylcarnitine|palmitoylcarnitine]].</br>Fatty acids with shorter chains, as [[Octanoate|octanoate]] (8 carbons) may enter the mitochondrial matrix, however, in HRR they are more frequently supplied also in the activated form, such as [[Octanoylcarnitine|octanoylcarnitine]].</br></br>Once in the mitochondrial matrix, the [[Fatty acid oxidation|fatty acid oxidation]] (FAO) occurs, generating acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH2. In the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state|fatty acid oxidation pathway control state]] electrons are fed into the [[F-junction]] involving the [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF). FAO cannot proceed without a substrate combination of fatty acids & malate, and inhibition of CI blocks FAO. Low concentration of [[malate]], typically 0.1 mM, does not saturate the [[N-pathway]]; but saturates the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state |F-pathway]].tty acid oxidation pathway control state |F-pathway]].)
• Fermentation  + ('''Fermentation''' is the process of [[energy metabolism]] … '''Fermentation''' is the process of [[energy metabolism]] used to supply ATP, where redox balance is maintained with internally produced electron acceptors (such as pyruvate or fumarate), without the use of external electron acceptors (such as O₂). Fermentation thus contrasts with [[cell respiration]] and is an [[anaerobic]] process, but aerobic fermentation may proceed in the presence of oxygen.ic fermentation may proceed in the presence of oxygen.)

• File search - DatLab  + ('''File search''' yields a list of all fil … '''File search''' yields a list of all files labelled by the experimental code in a selected directory . Click on the file to preview the experimental log. With '''File Search''' you can search in all folders and subfolders on your computer for DatLab files with a selected experimental code. The experimental code is entered in the DatLab file in the window "Experiment" ([F3]). When you click on a folder and press the button search, the DatLab file names will appear on the right window. Click on a DatLab file and further information (e.g. Sample information, Background information) will appear in the window below.ormation) will appear in the window below.)
• Filters  + ('''Filters''' are materials that have wave … '''Filters''' are materials that have wavelength-dependent transmission characteristics. They are can be used to select the wavelength range of the light emerging from a [[light source]], or the range entering the [[detector]], having passed through the sample. In particular they are used in [[fluorometry]] to exclude wavelengths greater than the excitation wavelength from reaching the sample, preventing absorption interfering with the emitted [[fluorescence]]. Standard '''filters''' can also be used for calibrating purposes.can also be used for calibrating purposes.)
• Flavin adenine dinucleotide  + ('''Flavin adenine dinucleotide''', FAD and … '''Flavin adenine dinucleotide''', FAD and FADH₂, is an oxidation-reduction [[prosthetic group]] (redox cofactor; compare [[NADH]]). FMN and FAD are the prosthetic groups of flavoproteins (flavin dehydrogenases). [[Electron-transfer-pathway state |Type F substrates]] (fatty acids) generate FADH₂, the substrate of [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF). Thus FADH₂ forms a junction or funnel of electron transfer to CETF, the [[F-junction]] (compare [[N-junction]], [[Q-junction]]), in the [[F-pathway control state]]. In contrast, FADH₂ is not the substrate but the internal product of [[succinate dehydrogenase]] (CII). FAD is the oxidized (quinone) form, which is reduced to FADH₂ (hydroquinone form) by accepting two electrons and two protons.educed to FADH₂ (hydroquinone form) by accepting two electrons and two protons.)
• Flavonoids  + ('''Flavonoids''' are a group of bioactive … '''Flavonoids''' are a group of bioactive polyphenols with potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, abundant in fruits and vegetables, and in some medicinal herbs. Flavonoids are synthesized in plants from phenylalanine. Dietary intake of flavonoids as nutraceuticals is discussed for targeting T2D and other degenerative diseases.eting T2D and other degenerative diseases.)
• Fluorescence  + ('''Fluorescence''' is the name given to li … '''Fluorescence''' is the name given to light emitted by a substance when it is illuminated (excited) by light at a shorter wavelength. The [[incident light]] causes an electron transition to a higher energy band in the molecules. The electron then spontaneously returns to its original energy state emitting a photon. The intensity of the emitted light is proportional to the concentration of the substance. Fluorescence is one form of [[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.[[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.)
• Fluorometry  + ('''Fluorometry''' (or [[fluorimetry]]) is the general term given to the method of measuring the fluorescent emission of a substance following excitation by light at a shorter wavelength.)
• Flux / Slope  + ('''Flux / Slope''' is the time derivative … '''Flux / Slope''' is the time derivative of the signal. In [[DatLab]], Flux / Slope is the name of the pull-down menu for (1) normalization of flux (chamber volume-specific flux, sample-specific flux or flow, or flux control ratios), (2) [[flux baseline correction]], (3) [[Instrumental background oxygen flux]], and (4) [[flux smoothing]], selection of the [[scaling factor]], and stoichiometric normalization using a stoichiometric coefficient.</br>Before changing the normalization of flux from volume-specific flux to sample-specific flux or flow, or flux control ratios, please be sure to use the standard Layout 04a (Flux per volume) or 04b (Flux per volume overlay). When starting with the instrumental standard Layouts 1-3, which display the O2 slope negative, the sample-specific flux or flow, or flux control ratios will not be automatically background corrected. To obtain the background corrected specific flux or flux control ratios, it is needed to tick the background correction in the lower part of the slope configuration window. Background correction is especially critical when performing measurements in a high oxygen regime or using samples with a low respiratory flux or flow.mples with a low respiratory flux or flow.)
• Flux baseline correction  + ('''Flux baseline correction''' provides th … '''Flux baseline correction''' provides the option to display the plot and all values of the [[flux]] (or [[flow]], or [[flux control ratio]]) as the total flux, ''J'', minus a baseline flux, ''J''₀.</br> ''J_V''(bc) = ''J_V'' - ''J_V''₀</br> ''J_V'' = (d''c''/d''t'') · ''ν''^-1 · ''SF'' - ''J°_V''</br>For the oxygen channel, ''J_V'' is O2 flux per volume [pmol/(s·ml)] (or volume-specific O₂ flux), ''c'' is the oxygen concentration [nmol/ml = µmol/l = µM], d''c''/d''t'' is the (positive) slope of oxygen concentration over time [nmol/(s · ml)], ''ν''^-1 = -1 is the stoichiometric coefficient for the reaction of oxygen consumption (oxygen is removed in the chemical reaction, thus the stoichiometric coefficient is negative, expressing oxygen flux as the negative slope), ''SF''=1,000 is the scaling factor (converting units for the amount of oxygen from nmol to pmol), and ''J°_V'' is the volume-specific background oxygen flux ([[Instrumental background oxygen flux]]). ''Further details'': [[Flux / Slope]].lope]].)
• Flux control efficiency  + ('''Flux control efficiencies''' express th … '''Flux control efficiencies''' express the control of respiration by a [[metabolic control variable]], ''X'', as a fractional change of flux from ''Y_X'' to ''Z_X'', normalized for ''Z_X''. ''Z_X'' is the [[reference state]] with high (stimulated or un-inhibited) flux; ''Y_X'' is the [[background state]] at low flux, upon which ''X'' acts.</br></br>:: ''j_Z-Y'' = (''Z_X-Y_X'')/''Z_X'' = 1-''Y_X''/''Z_X''</br></br>Complementary to the concept of [[flux control ratio]]s and analogous to [[elasticity|elasticities]] of [[metabolic control analysis]], the flux control efficiency of ''X'' upon background ''Y_X'' is expressed as the change of flux from ''Y_X'' to ''Z_X'' normalized for the reference state ''Z_X''.</br>» [[Flux_control_efficiency#Flux_control_efficiency:_normalization_of_mitochondrial_respiration | '''MiPNet article''']][Flux_control_efficiency#Flux_control_efficiency:_normalization_of_mitochondrial_respiration | '''MiPNet article''']])
• Flux control ratio  + ('''Flux control ratios''' ''FCR''s are rat … '''Flux control ratios''' ''FCR''s are ratios of oxygen flux in different respiratory control states, normalized for maximum flux in a common reference state, to obtain theoretical lower and upper limits of 0.0 and 1.0 (0 % and 100 %). </br></br>For a given protocol or set of respiratory protocols, flux control ratios provide a fingerprint of coupling and substrate control independent of (''1'') mt-content in cells or tissues, (''2'') purification in preparations of isolated mitochondria, and (''3'') assay conditions for determination of tissue mass or mt-markers external to a respiratory protocol (CS, protein, stereology, etc.). ''FCR'' obtained from a single respirometric incubation with sequential titrations (sequential protocol; [[SUIT|SUIT protocol]]) provide an internal normalization, expressing respiratory control independent of mitochondrial content and thus independent of a marker for mitochondrial amount. ''FCR'' obtained from separate (parallel) protocols depend on equal distribution of subsamples obtained from a homogenous mt-preparation or determination of a common [[mitochondrial marker]].[[mitochondrial marker]].)