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This page provides a simple browsing interface for finding entities described by a property and a named value. Other available search interfaces include the page property search, and the ask query builder.

List of results

Quenching + ('''Quenching''' is the name given to any p … '''Quenching''' is the name given to any process that reduces [[fluorescence]] intensity. Molecular oxygen is a [[fluorescence]] and [[phosphorescence]] quencher for some substances – a phenomenon that has been made use of in constructing optical probes for measuring oxygen.cting optical probes for measuring oxygen.)
Quinol + ('''Quinol''' is a class of ''reduced'' org … '''Quinol''' is a class of ''reduced'' organic compounds derived from quinone (oxidized form) by two-electron and two-proton reduction. In the mitochondrial electron transfer system, ubiquinol or reduced [[coenzyme Q]] can be found, while in the photosynthetic systems plastoquinols (particularly PQ9) are common. These redox compounds exist in three different redox states: [[quinone]] (oxidized), quinol (reduced), and an intermediate [[semiquinone]].[[semiquinone]].)
Quinone + ('''Quinone''' is a class of ''oxidized'' o … '''Quinone''' is a class of ''oxidized'' organic compounds with a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure derived from aromatic compounds. [[Ubiquinone]] or coenzmye Q is the naturally occurring quinone in the mitochondrial [[ETS]], while in the photosynthetic system plastoquinones are common. The quinone is reduced either to an unstable semiquinone by one hydrogen atom or to a quinol by two electrons and two protons.a quinol by two electrons and two protons.)
Rapamycin + ('''Rapamycin''' is an inhibitor of the mam … '''Rapamycin''' is an inhibitor of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin, complex 1 (mTORC1). Rapamycin induces autophagy and dyscouples mitochondrial respiration. Rapamycin delays senescence in human cells, and extends lifespan in mice without detrimental effects on mitochondrial fitness in skeletal muscle. mitochondrial fitness in skeletal muscle.)
Reactive nitrogen species + ('''Reactive nitrogen species''', RNS, are nitric oxide-derived oxidants. The main source of RNS is [[nitric oxide]] (NO•). NO• plays an important role in cell signaling and in oxidative-nitrosative stress.)
Reactive oxygen species + ('''Reactive oxygen species''', ROS, are mo … '''Reactive oxygen species''', ROS, are molecules derived from molecular [[oxygen]], including free oxygen radicals, which are more reactive than O2. Physiologically and pathologically important ROS include [[superoxide]], the [[hydroxyl radical]] and [[hydroxide ion]], [[hydrogen peroxide]] and other [[peroxides]]. These are important in cell signalling, oxidative defence mechanisms and [[oxidative stress]].[[oxidative stress]].)
Reference material + ('''Reference material''' (RM) is material … '''Reference material''' (RM) is material or substance one or more of whose property values are sufficiently homogeneous and well established to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, the assessment of a measurement procedure, or for assigning values to materials (adapted from VIM: 1993, 6.13). The adjective 'homogeneous' refers to the physical homogeneity between macroscopic parts of the material, not to any microheterogeneity between molecules of the analyte.'''Primary reference material''' is reference material having the highest metrological qualities and whose value is determined by means of a primary reference measurement procedure. The concept "primary calibrator" is subordinate to "calibrator" (see 3.7) and to "primary reference material". 3.7) and to "primary reference material".)
References in BEC https-format + ('''References in BEC https-format''' show … '''References in BEC https-format''' show (''1'') the list of authors, (''2'') the year of publication in parentheses, (''3'') the title of the publication, and (''4'') the https://doi.org/ link. Removing all the unnecessary detail of journal name and pages, the focus is on authors, year, and title of the reference, which is a concept in line with [[DORA]]. The https-link then does the full job. In exceptional cases when there is no such link, the following formats would apply: a https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ link, a link directly to an Open Access pdf, or the old conventional format for the reference. Scientific journals apply ''yesterday's concepts'' in the various formats of references with bewildering abbreviations of journals, volumes, issues, page numbers. We can do ''today's job'' much better using the BEC https-format: # Arese Lucini F, Morone F, Tomassone MS, Makse HA (2021) Diversity increases the stability of ecosystems. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228692# Begley CG, Ioannidis JPA (2015) Reproducibility in science: improving the standard for basic and preclinical research. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.303819. # Buranyi S (2017) Is the staggeringly profitable business of scientific publishing bad for science? https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jun/27/profitable-business-scientific-publishing-bad-for-science # Cardoso LHD, Doerrier C, Gnaiger E (2021) Magnesium Green for fluorometric measurement of ATP production does not interfere with mitochondrial respiration. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2021-0001 # Day S, Rennie S, Luo D, Tucker JD (2020) Open to the public: paywalls and the public rationale for open access medical research publishing. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40900-020-0182-y# Gnaiger E (2001) Bioenergetics at low oxygen: dependence of respiration and phosphorylation on oxygen and adenosine diphosphate supply. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-5687(01)00307-3 # ….Compare with a conventional reference format in: Gnaiger E (2021) Beyond counting papers – a mission and vision for scientific publication. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2021-0005ic publication. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2021-0005)
Reliability + ('''Reliability''' relates the magnitude of … '''Reliability''' relates the magnitude of the measurement error in observed measurements (i.e., precision or intermediate precision) to the inherent variability in the ‘error-free’, ‘true’, or underlying level of the quantity between subjects. The value of the reliability takes a value between 0 and 1. When the variability value is zero, indicates that all the variability in the measurements is due to measurement error. And, on the contrary, when the value is 1 indicates that there is a zero error in the measurement error. It is also known as the intraclass correlation, as it equals the correlation between any two measurements made on the same subject.two measurements made on the same subject.)
Repetitions + ('''Repetitions''' of an [[experiment]] … '''Repetitions''' of an [[experiment]] or [[assay]] are designed to obtain statistical information on the methodological [[precision]] of the measurements. A number of repetitions, ''n'', of measurements are performed on the same sample, applying an identical experimental protocol to subsamples, without providing any information on variability between samples.nformation on variability between samples.)

('''Repetitions''' of an [[experiment]] or [[assay]] are designed to obta)

Replica + ('''Replica''' are designed in scientific [[study |studies]] … '''Replica''' are designed in scientific [[study |studies]] to evaluate the effect of uncontrolled variability on a result obtained from an [[experiment]] on a single [[sample]], to describe the variability and distribution of experimental results, and to obtain statistical information such as the median or average for a defined [[sample size]]. It may be useful to make a terminological distinction between ''replica'' of experiments, ''N'', designed to obtain statistical information on the [[population]], and ''[[repetitions]]'' of [[experiment]]s or [[assay]]s, ''n'', designed to obtain statistical information on the methodological [[precision]] of the measurements. The terms [[study]], [[experiment]] and [[assay]] have to be defined carefully in this context.e to be defined carefully in this context.)
Research + ('''Research''' is a term composed of '''se … '''Research''' is a term composed of '''search''' and '''re'''. What does this tell us? The best comparison of the English with a German word is ''Untersuchung'', composed of ''suchung'' (search) and ''unter'' (below). The term ''search'' (suchen) is straightforward to understand and comparable in both languages. The prefix ''re'' and ''unter'' are more difficult to reconcile, yet in both languages these perfixes reveal complementary if not nearly identical messages. ''re'' means {''Quote''} back to the original place; again, anew, once more {''end of Quote''} [1], whereas ''unter'' means ''below'' or ''underneath''. Re-search, therefore, is not simply the search or investigation of some topic or problem, it means essentially doing the search again and again (re -> re-producibility) and penetrating ''below'' a simple search by reaching out for an underlying level of the search. The ''re'' in re-search and re-producibility has to be extended ultimately from a single re-search group to inter-laboratory re-investigation. This tells us, therefore, that while ''search'' is valuable, ''re-search'' provides the necessary validation. This re-evaluation of confirmative re-search should be re-cognized as the most important strategy to address the [[reproducibility crisis]].[[reproducibility crisis]].)
Resorufin + ('''Resorufin''' is a fluorescence probe us … '''Resorufin''' is a fluorescence probe used in various biological assays. Among others, it is the product obtained in the [[Horseradish_peroxidase| Horseradish peroxidase]]-catalyzed assay using [[Amplex_red| Amplex Red]] for the measurement of [[Hydrogen_peroxide| H2O2]] production.[[Hydrogen_peroxide| H2O2]] production.)
Respiratory complexes + ('''Respiratory Complexes''' are membrane-bound enzymes consisting of several subunits which are involved in energy transduction of the respiratory system. [[Respiratory Complexes#Respiratory Complexes - more than five |» '''MiPNet article''']])
Respiratory state + ('''Respiratory states''' of [[mitochondrial preparations]] … '''Respiratory states''' of [[mitochondrial preparations]] and [[living cells]] are defined in the current literature in many ways and with a diversity of terms. Mitochondrial respiratory states must be defined in terms of both, the [[coupling-control state]] and the [[electron-transfer-pathway state]].[[electron-transfer-pathway state]].)
Respirometry + ('''Respirometry''' is the quantitative mea … '''Respirometry''' is the quantitative measurement of respiration. ''Respiration is therefore a combustion, a very slow one to be precise'' (Lavoisier and Laplace 1783). Thus the ''basic idea of using calorimetry to explore the ''sources'' and ''dynamics'' of heat changes were present in the origins of bioenergetics'' ([[Gnaiger_1983_J Exp Zool|Gnaiger 1983]]). Respirometry provides an ''indirect'' calorimetric approach to the measurement of metabolic heat changes, by measuring oxygen uptake (and carbon dioxide production and nitrogen excretion in the form of ammonia, urea, or uric acid) and converting the oxygen consumed into an [[enthalpy]] change, using the [[oxycaloric equivalent]]. Liebig (1842) showed that the substrate of oxidative respiration was protein, carbohydrates, and fat. ''The sum of these chemical changes of materials under the influence of living cells is known as [[metabolism]]'' (Lusk 1928). The amount (volume STP) of carbon dioxide expired to the amount (volume STP) of oxygen inspired simultaneously is the respiratory quotient, which is 1.0 for the combustion of carbohydrate, but less for lipid and protein. Voit (1901) summarized early respirometric studies carried out by the ''Munich school'' on patients and healthy controls, concluding that ''the metabolism in the body was not proportional to the combustibility of the substances outside the body, but that protein, which burns with difficulty outside, metabolizes with the greatest ease, then carbohydrates, while fats, which readily burns outside, is the most difficultly combustible in the organism.'' Extending these conclusions on the ''sources'' of metabolic heat changes, the corresponding ''dynamics'' or respiratory control was summarized (Lusk 1928): ''The absorption of oxygen does not cause metabolism, but rather the amount of the metabolism determines the amount of oxygen to be absorbed. .. metabolism regulates the respiration.''.. metabolism regulates the respiration.'')
Resting metabolic rate + ('''Resting respiration''' or '''resting me … '''Resting respiration''' or '''resting metabolic rate''' (RMR) is measured under standard conditions of an 8–12-h fast and a 12-h abstinence from exercise. In an exemplary study ([[Haugen 2003 Am J Clin Nutr]]), "subjects rested quietly in the supine position in an isolated room with the temperature controlled to 21–24° C. RMR was measured for 15–20 min. Criteria for a valid RMR was a minimum of 15 min of steady state, determined as a <10% fluctuation in oxygen consumption and <5% fluctuation in respiratory quotient". The main difference between RMR and BMR ([[basal metabolic rate]]) is the position of the subject during measurement. Resting metabolic rate is the largest component of the daily energy budget in most human societies and increases with physical training state ([[Speakman 2003 Proc Nutr Soc]]).man 2003 Proc Nutr Soc]]).)
Resveratrol + ('''Resveratrol''' is a natural bioactive phenol prouced by several plants with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Dietary intake as nutraceutical is discussed for targeting mitochondria with a wide spectrum of action in degenerative diseases.)
Risk management + ('''Risk management''' is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks.)
Rotenone + ('''Rotenone''' is an inhibitor of [[Complex I]] (CI) and thus inhibits NADH oxidation. It inhibits the transfer of electrons from iron-sulfur clusters in CI to ubiquinone via binding to the ubiquinone binding site of CI. See also [[Succinate pathway]].)