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This page provides a simple browsing interface for finding entities described by a property and a named value. Other available search interfaces include the page property search, and the ask query builder.

List of results

• Fatty acid  + ('''Fatty acids''' are carboxylic acids wit … '''Fatty acids''' are carboxylic acids with a carbon aliphatic chain. The fatty acids can be divided by the length of this chain, being considered as short-chain (1–6 carbons), medium-chain (7–12 carbons) and long-chain and very long-chain fatty acids (>12 carbons).</br>Long-chain fatty acids must be bound to [[Carnitine|carnitine]] to enter the mitochondrial matrix, in a reaction that can be catalysed by [[Carnitine acyltransferase|carnitine acyltransferase]]. For this reason, long-chain fatty acids, such as [[Palmitate|palmitate]] (16 carbons) is frequently supplied to mt-preparations in the activated form of [[Palmitoylcarnitine|palmitoylcarnitine]].</br>Fatty acids with shorter chains, as [[Octanoate|octanoate]] (8 carbons) may enter the mitochondrial matrix, however, in HRR they are more frequently supplied also in the activated form, such as [[Octanoylcarnitine|octanoylcarnitine]].</br></br>Once in the mitochondrial matrix, the [[Fatty acid oxidation|fatty acid oxidation]] (FAO) occurs, generating acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH2. In the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state|fatty acid oxidation pathway control state]] electrons are fed into the [[F-junction]] involving the [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF). FAO cannot proceed without a substrate combination of fatty acids & malate, and inhibition of CI blocks FAO. Low concentration of [[malate]], typically 0.1 mM, does not saturate the [[N-pathway]]; but saturates the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state |F-pathway]].tty acid oxidation pathway control state |F-pathway]].)
• Fermentation  + ('''Fermentation''' is the process of [[energy metabolism]] … '''Fermentation''' is the process of [[energy metabolism]] used to supply ATP, where redox balance is maintained with internally produced electron acceptors (such as pyruvate or fumarate), without the use of external electron acceptors (such as O₂). Fermentation thus contrasts with [[cell respiration]] and is an [[anaerobic]] process, but aerobic fermentation may proceed in the presence of oxygen.ic fermentation may proceed in the presence of oxygen.)
• File search - DatLab  + ('''File search''' yields a list of all fil … '''File search''' yields a list of all files labelled by the experimental code in a selected directory . Click on the file to preview the experimental log. With '''File Search''' you can search in all folders and subfolders on your computer for DatLab files with a selected experimental code. The experimental code is entered in the DatLab file in the window "Experiment" ([F3]). When you click on a folder and press the button search, the DatLab file names will appear on the right window. Click on a DatLab file and further information (e.g. Sample information, Background information) will appear in the window below.ormation) will appear in the window below.)
• Filters  + ('''Filters''' are materials that have wave … '''Filters''' are materials that have wavelength-dependent transmission characteristics. They are can be used to select the wavelength range of the light emerging from a [[light source]], or the range entering the [[detector]], having passed through the sample. In particular they are used in [[fluorometry]] to exclude wavelengths greater than the excitation wavelength from reaching the sample, preventing absorption interfering with the emitted [[fluorescence]]. Standard '''filters''' can also be used for calibrating purposes.can also be used for calibrating purposes.)
• Flavin adenine dinucleotide  + ('''Flavin adenine dinucleotide''', FAD and … '''Flavin adenine dinucleotide''', FAD and FADH₂, is an oxidation-reduction [[prosthetic group]] (redox cofactor; compare [[NADH]]). FMN and FAD are the prosthetic groups of flavoproteins (flavin dehydrogenases). [[Electron-transfer-pathway state |Type F substrates]] (fatty acids) generate FADH₂, the substrate of [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF). Thus FADH₂ forms a junction or funnel of electron transfer to CETF, the [[F-junction]] (compare [[N-junction]], [[Q-junction]]), in the [[F-pathway control state]]. In contrast, FADH₂ is not the substrate but the internal product of [[succinate dehydrogenase]] (CII). FAD is the oxidized (quinone) form, which is reduced to FADH₂ (hydroquinone form) by accepting two electrons and two protons.educed to FADH₂ (hydroquinone form) by accepting two electrons and two protons.)
• Flavonoids  + ('''Flavonoids''' are a group of bioactive … '''Flavonoids''' are a group of bioactive polyphenols with potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, abundant in fruits and vegetables, and in some medicinal herbs. Flavonoids are synthesized in plants from phenylalanine. Dietary intake of flavonoids as nutraceuticals is discussed for targeting T2D and other degenerative diseases.eting T2D and other degenerative diseases.)
• Fluorescence  + ('''Fluorescence''' is the name given to li … '''Fluorescence''' is the name given to light emitted by a substance when it is illuminated (excited) by light at a shorter wavelength. The [[incident light]] causes an electron transition to a higher energy band in the molecules. The electron then spontaneously returns to its original energy state emitting a photon. The intensity of the emitted light is proportional to the concentration of the substance. Fluorescence is one form of [[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.[[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.)
• Fluorometry  + ('''Fluorometry''' (or [[fluorimetry]]) is the general term given to the method of measuring the fluorescent emission of a substance following excitation by light at a shorter wavelength.)
• Flux / Slope  + ('''Flux / Slope''' is the time derivative … '''Flux / Slope''' is the time derivative of the signal. In [[DatLab]], Flux / Slope is the name of the pull-down menu for (1) normalization of flux (chamber volume-specific flux, sample-specific flux or flow, or flux control ratios), (2) [[flux baseline correction]], (3) [[Instrumental background oxygen flux]], and (4) [[flux smoothing]], selection of the [[scaling factor]], and stoichiometric normalization using a stoichiometric coefficient.</br>Before changing the normalization of flux from volume-specific flux to sample-specific flux or flow, or flux control ratios, please be sure to use the standard Layout 04a (Flux per volume) or 04b (Flux per volume overlay). When starting with the instrumental standard Layouts 1-3, which display the O2 slope negative, the sample-specific flux or flow, or flux control ratios will not be automatically background corrected. To obtain the background corrected specific flux or flux control ratios, it is needed to tick the background correction in the lower part of the slope configuration window. Background correction is especially critical when performing measurements in a high oxygen regime or using samples with a low respiratory flux or flow.mples with a low respiratory flux or flow.)
• Flux baseline correction  + ('''Flux baseline correction''' provides th … '''Flux baseline correction''' provides the option to display the plot and all values of the [[flux]] (or [[flow]], or [[flux control ratio]]) as the total flux, ''J'', minus a baseline flux, ''J''₀.</br> ''J_V''(bc) = ''J_V'' - ''J_V''₀</br> ''J_V'' = (d''c''/d''t'') · ''ν''^-1 · ''SF'' - ''J°_V''</br>For the oxygen channel, ''J_V'' is O2 flux per volume [pmol/(s·ml)] (or volume-specific O₂ flux), ''c'' is the oxygen concentration [nmol/ml = µmol/l = µM], d''c''/d''t'' is the (positive) slope of oxygen concentration over time [nmol/(s · ml)], ''ν''^-1 = -1 is the stoichiometric coefficient for the reaction of oxygen consumption (oxygen is removed in the chemical reaction, thus the stoichiometric coefficient is negative, expressing oxygen flux as the negative slope), ''SF''=1,000 is the scaling factor (converting units for the amount of oxygen from nmol to pmol), and ''J°_V'' is the volume-specific background oxygen flux ([[Instrumental background oxygen flux]]). ''Further details'': [[Flux / Slope]].lope]].)

• Flux control efficiency  + ('''Flux control efficiencies''' express th … '''Flux control efficiencies''' express the control of respiration by a [[metabolic control variable]], ''X'', as a fractional change of flux from ''Y_X'' to ''Z_X'', normalized for ''Z_X''. ''Z_X'' is the [[reference state]] with high (stimulated or un-inhibited) flux; ''Y_X'' is the [[background state]] at low flux, upon which ''X'' acts.</br></br>:: ''j_Z-Y'' = (''Z_X-Y_X'')/''Z_X'' = 1-''Y_X''/''Z_X''</br></br>Complementary to the concept of [[flux control ratio]]s and analogous to [[elasticity|elasticities]] of [[metabolic control analysis]], the flux control efficiency of ''X'' upon background ''Y_X'' is expressed as the change of flux from ''Y_X'' to ''Z_X'' normalized for the reference state ''Z_X''.</br>» [[Flux_control_efficiency#Flux_control_efficiency:_normalization_of_mitochondrial_respiration | '''MiPNet article''']][Flux_control_efficiency#Flux_control_efficiency:_normalization_of_mitochondrial_respiration | '''MiPNet article''']])
• Flux control ratio  + ('''Flux control ratios''' ''FCR''s are rat … '''Flux control ratios''' ''FCR''s are ratios of oxygen flux in different respiratory control states, normalized for maximum flux in a common reference state, to obtain theoretical lower and upper limits of 0.0 and 1.0 (0 % and 100 %). </br></br>For a given protocol or set of respiratory protocols, flux control ratios provide a fingerprint of coupling and substrate control independent of (''1'') mt-content in cells or tissues, (''2'') purification in preparations of isolated mitochondria, and (''3'') assay conditions for determination of tissue mass or mt-markers external to a respiratory protocol (CS, protein, stereology, etc.). ''FCR'' obtained from a single respirometric incubation with sequential titrations (sequential protocol; [[SUIT|SUIT protocol]]) provide an internal normalization, expressing respiratory control independent of mitochondrial content and thus independent of a marker for mitochondrial amount. ''FCR'' obtained from separate (parallel) protocols depend on equal distribution of subsamples obtained from a homogenous mt-preparation or determination of a common [[mitochondrial marker]].[[mitochondrial marker]].)
• Flux  + ('''Flux''', ''J'', is a [[specific quantity]] … '''Flux''', ''J'', is a [[specific quantity]]. Flux is [[flow]], ''I'' [MU·s^-1 per system] (an [[extensive quantity]]), divided by system size. Flux (''e.g.'', [[oxygen flux]]) may be volume-specific (flow per volume [MU·s^-1·L^-1]), mass-specific (flow per mass [MU·s^-1·kg^-1]), or marker-specific (e.g. flow per mtEU). The [[motive unit]] [MU] of chemical flow or flux is the advancement of reaction [mol] in the chemical format.ive unit]] [MU] of chemical flow or flux is the advancement of reaction [mol] in the chemical format.)
• Force  + ('''Force''' is an [[intensive quantity]] … '''Force''' is an [[intensive quantity]]. The product of force times [[advancement]] is the [[work]] (exergy) expended in a process or transformation. Force times flow is [[power]] [W].</br># The '''fundamental forces''' '''''F''''' of physics are the gravitational, electroweak (combining electromagnetic and weak nuclear) and strong nuclear forces. These gradient-forces are vectors with spatial direction interacting with the motive particle ''X'', d_'''m''''''''F'''''_''X'' [N ≡ J∙m^-1 = m∙kg∙s^-2]. These forces describe the interaction between particles as [[vector]]s with direction of a [[gradient]] in space, causing a change in the motion ([[acceleration]]) of the particles in the spatial direction of the force. The force acts at a distance, and the distance covered is the advancement. If a force is counteracted by another force of equal magnitude but opposite direction, the accelerating effects of the two forces are balanced such that the velocity of the particle does not change and no work is done beyond the interaction between the two counteracting forces. The total net force is partitioned into ''partial'' forces, and the counteracting force may be called ''resistance''. If the resistance is entirely due to frictional effects, then no work is done and the exergy is completely dissipated.</br># '''Isomorphic forces''' can be derived from (''1'') the fundamental forces or (''2'') statistical distributions if large numbers of particles are involved. The isomorphic forces are known as 'generalized' forces of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. An isomorphic '''motive force''', Δ_tr''F''_''X'', in thermodynamics or ergodynamics is the partial Gibbs (Helmholtz) energy change per advancement of a transformation (tr). </br>## In [[continuous system]]s accessible to the analysis of gradients, the '''motive vector forces''', d_'''m''''''''F'''''_''X'' (units: newton per amount of particles ''X'' [N∙mol^-1] or per coulombs of particles [N∙C^-1]), are vectors interacting with the motive particles ''X''.</br>## In [[discontinuous system]]s that consist of compartments separated by a semipermeable membrane, the '''compartmental motive forces''' are stoichiometric potential differences (∆) across a boundary of zero thickness, distinguished as isomorphic motive forces, ∆_tr''F''_''X'', with compartmental instead of spatial direction of the energy transformation, tr. The motive forces are expressed in various [[motive unit]]s, MU [J∙MU^-1], depending on the energy transformation under study and on the unit chosen to express the motive entity ''X'' and advancement of the process. For the protonmotive force the proton is the motive entity, which can be expressed in a variety of formats with different MU (coulomb, mole, or particle).ntity ''X'' and advancement of the process. For the protonmotive force the proton is the motive entity, which can be expressed in a variety of formats with different MU (coulomb, mole, or particle).)
• Free activity  + ('''Free activity''' ''α<sub>X</su … '''Free activity''' ''α_X'' [MU·m^-3] is [[pressure]] divided by isomorphic [[force]]. In the chemical [[amount]] format, ''α_X'' is expressed in units of concentration of ''X'' [mol·L^-1]. ''α_X'' is the local concentration in a concentration gradient. If the concentration gradient is collapsed to a boundary of zero thickness in a compartmental system, ''α_X'' reflects the singularity in the transition between the two phases or compartments., ''α_X'' reflects the singularity in the transition between the two phases or compartments.)
• Fumarase  + ('''Fumarase''' or fumarate hydratase (FH) is an enzyme of the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]] catalyzing the equilibrium reaction between [[fumarate]] and [[malate]]. Fumarase is found not only in mitochondria, but also in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotes.)
• Fura2  + ('''Fura2''' is a ratiometric fluorescence … '''Fura2''' is a ratiometric fluorescence probe for the measurement of calcium. Its derivative Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester (Fura2-AM) is membrane permable and can thus be used to measure intracellular free calcium concentration (Grynkiewicz et al., 1985). For this purpose, cells are incubated with Fura2-AM, which crosses the cell membrane by diffusion and is cleaved into free Fura2 and acetoxymethyl groups by cellular esterases. Intracellular free calcium is measured by exciting the dye at 340 nm and 380 nm, which are the excitation optima of calcium-bound and free Fura2, respectively, and emission detection above 500 nm. Through the ratiometric detection unequal distribution of the dye within the cell and other potential disturbances are largely cancelled out, making this a widely used and relatively reliable tool for calcium measurements.ly reliable tool for calcium measurements.)
• Gibbs energy  + ('''Gibbs energy''' ''G'' [J] is [[exergy]] … '''Gibbs energy''' ''G'' [J] is [[exergy]] which cannot be created internally (subscript i), but in contrast to [[internal-energy]] (d_i''U''/d''t'' = 0) is not conserved but is dissipated (d_i''G''/d''t'' < 0) in irreversible energy transformations at constant temperature and (barometric) pressure, ''T'',''p''. Exergy is available as [[work]] in reversible energy transformations (100 % [[efficiency]]), and can be partially conserved when the [[exergonic]] transformation is coupled to an [[endergonic]] transformation.[[endergonic]] transformation.)
• Glucose  + ('''Glucose''', also known as D-glucose or dextrose, is a monosaccharide and an important carbohydrate in biology. Cells use it as the primary source of energy and a metabolic intermediate.)
• Glutamate dehydrogenase  + ('''Glutamate dehydrogenase''', located in … '''Glutamate dehydrogenase''', located in the mitochondrial matrix (mtGDH), is an enzyme that converts [[glutamate]] to α-ketoglutarate [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_dehydrogenase]. mtGDH is not part of the TCA cycle, but is involved in [[glutaminolysis]] as an [[anaplerosis |anaplerotic reaction]].[anaplerosis |anaplerotic reaction]].)