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Palmitate + ('''Palmitate''' is a term for the salts an … '''Palmitate''' is a term for the salts and esters of palmitic acid (CH3(CH2)14COOH). Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and the precursor to longer fatty acids. Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which in turn is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation. In order to dissolve the water-insoluble sodium palmitate, [[Bovine serum albumine| BSA]] is needed to form the water-soluble compound called palmitate:BSA.[[Bovine serum albumine| BSA]] is needed to form the water-soluble compound called palmitate:BSA.)
Palmitoyl-CoA + ('''Palmitoyl-CoA''' is a coenzyme A deriva … '''Palmitoyl-CoA''' is a coenzyme A derivative of palmitate formed by acyl-CoA synthase. In contrast to medium- and short-chain acyl-CoA, palmitoyl-CoA cannot freely diffuse into the mitochondrial matrix. Formation of palmitoylcarnitine by CPTI is necessary prior to transfer into mitochondria for further fatty acid oxidation (β-oxidation). To study [[Fatty acid oxidation]] using Palmitoyl-CoA, [[Carnitine]] and low amount of malate is needed on mitochondrial preparations.e is needed on mitochondrial preparations.)
Palmitoylcarnitine + ('''Palmitoylcarnitine''' is an ester deriv … '''Palmitoylcarnitine''' is an ester derivative of [[carnitine]] (long-chain acylcarnitine) involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. Within the cell, palmitoylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondria to deliver palmitate for fatty acid oxidation and energy production.atty acid oxidation and energy production.)
Pathway control efficiency + ('''Pathway control efficiencies''' are [[flux control efficiency |flux control efficiencies]] … '''Pathway control efficiencies''' are [[flux control efficiency |flux control efficiencies]], expressing the relative change of flux in response to a transition between two [[electron-transfer-pathway state]]s due to a change of (''1'') substrate availability or (''2'') inhibition of enzyme steps in the pathway, in a defined [[coupling-control state]].[[coupling-control state]].)
Peer review + ('''Peer reviews''' provide a critical asse … '''Peer reviews''' provide a critical assessment of a manuscript prior to publication. Bioenergetics Communications publishes [https://www.bioenergetics-communications.org/index.php/bec/BECPolicies#Permanency_of_content.2C_peer-review_process.2C_and_Journal.27s_options_for_post-publication_discussions_and_corrections Open Peer Reviews] for transparency of the review process.s] for transparency of the review process.)
PeerJ Preprints 'pre-print' area of PeerJ + ('''PeerJ Preprints''' is the 'pre-print' a … '''PeerJ Preprints''' is the 'pre-print' area of the Open Access journal ''PeerJ''. Similar to preprint servers that already exist (for example arXiv.org), authors can submit draft, incomplete, or final versions of articles they are working on. By using this service, authors establish precedent; they can solicit feedback; and they can work on revisions of their manuscript. Once they are ready, they can submit their preprint article into ''PeerJ'' (although it is not a requirement to do so).''PeerJ Preprints'' was launched in April 2013. It only accepts submissions in the same subject areas as ''PeerJ'' (biological, medical and environmental sciences) and ''PeerJ Computer Science''. In order to submit to ''PeerJ Preprints'', at least the submitting author must have a user account with ''PeerJ''. There is no pre-publication peer-review of submissions; however we do perform basic checks to ensure conformity with our policies. Submissions are made using the same platform as with the peer-reviewed journals, although some of the requirements are less stringent. Articles are not typeset, but we do provide automated conversion into PDF. The default is for a ''PeerJ Preprints'' publication to be fully open to all viewers (what we call a 'public' pre-print).'''PeerJ''' is an Open Access, peer-reviewed, scholarly journal. It considers and publishes research articles in the biological, medical and environmental sciences. It aims for rapid decision making and will publish articles as soon as they are ready. ''PeerJ'' is based in both San Diego, US, and London, UK.sed in both San Diego, US, and London, UK.)
Perfluorooctanoic acid + ('''Perfluorooctanoic acid''' (PFOA) is a metabolically inert perfluorinated fatty acid which activates [[UCP1]] in brown-fat mitochondria. UCP1-dependent respiration can be stimulated with 600 μM PFOA after inhibition of the phosphorylation system.)
Performance Estimation + ('''Performance estimation''')
PBMC + ('''Peripheral blood mononuclear cells''' ( … '''Peripheral blood mononuclear cells''' (PBMC) are a fraction of the leucocyte population in the blood composed by cells with round nucleus. PBMC consist of lymphocytes (T, B and NK cells) and monocytes. During extraction, neutrophils and platelets (PLT) can be found in the PBMC fraction, where PLT are considered as a contamination.ere PLT are considered as a contamination.)
Permeabilized cells + ('''Permeabilized cells''' (pce) are mitoch … '''Permeabilized cells''' (pce) are mitochondrial preparations obtained by selectively permeabilizing the plasma membrane (e.g., with [[digitonin]]), for the exchange of soluble molecules between the cytosolic phase and external medium, without damaging the [[mitochondrial|mt]]-membranes.'''Permeabilized cells''' (pce) are, therefore, not any longer viable or [[living cells]] (ce), since the intactness of cells implies the intactness of the plasma membrane. Any typical quantiative cell viability test (trypan blue etc) evaluating the intactness of the plasma membrane, yields a 100% negative result on fully permeabilized cells.For permeabilizing the cell plasma membranes chemically with [[digitonin]], without damaging the [[mitochondrial|mt]]-membranes, the optimum concentration of digitonin must be previously determinated. The protocol [[SUIT-010]] is designed for the evaluation of optimum digitonin concentration for permeabilizing cells, a requirement to account for differences between cell types, the concentration of cells, and variability between batches of the natural product digitonin. batches of the natural product digitonin.)

('''Permeabilized cells''' (pce) are mitochondrial preparations obtained)

Permeabilized muscle fibers + ('''Permeabilized muscle fibers''' (pfi) ar … '''Permeabilized muscle fibers''' (pfi) are used as a mitochondrial preparation in respirometry to access mitochondrial function comparable to [[isolated mitochondria]] (imt). pfi are obtained by selectively permeabilizing the plasma membrane mechanically and chemically ([[saponin]]), for the exchange of soluble molecules between the cytosolic phase and external medium, without damaging the [[mitochondrial|mt]]-membranes.:» MitoPedia topic: [[Mitochondrial preparations]][Mitochondrial preparations]])
Permeabilized tissue or cells + ('''Permeabilized tissue''' ([[Permeabilized tissue|pti]] … '''Permeabilized tissue''' ([[Permeabilized tissue|pti]], see also [[permeabilized muscle fibers]], pfi) or cells ([[Permeabilized cells|pce]]) are mitochondrial preparations obtained by selectively permeabilizing the plasma membrane mechanically or [[permeabilization of plasma membrane|chemically]], for the exchange of soluble molecules between the cytosolic phase and external medium, without damaging the [[mitochondrial|mt]]-membranes.'''Permeabilized cells''' (pce) are, therefore, not any longer viable or [[living cells]] (ce), since the intactness of cells implies the intactness of the plasma membrane. Any typical quantiative cell viability test (trypan blue etc) evaluating the intactness of the plasma membrane, yields a 100% negative result on fully permeabilized cells.ative result on fully permeabilized cells.)
Permeabilized tissue + ('''Permeabilized tissue''' (pti, see also … '''Permeabilized tissue''' (pti, see also [[permeabilized muscle fibers]], pfi) are mitochondrial preparations obtained by selectively permeabilizing the plasma membrane mechanically or chemically (e.g., with [[saponin]]), for the exchange of soluble molecules between the cytosolic phase and external medium, without damaging the [[mitochondrial|mt]]-membranes.[[mitochondrial|mt]]-membranes.)
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha + ('''Peroxisome proliferator-activated recep … '''Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) coactivator-1α''' (PGC-1α) is a protein which functions as an inducible transcriptional coactivator, a coregulator of transcription factors, particularly [[NRF-1]] and [[TFAM]]. PGC-1α was first described in 1998 ([[Puigserver 1998 Cell]]). PGC-1α drives the formation of slow-twich muscle fibres ([[Lin 2002 Nature]]) and is increased upon endurance training ([[Norrbom 2004 J Appl Physiol]]). PGC-1α expression is inhibited by the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and high levels of leptin. Upregulation of PGC-1α expression is induced by increased [[eNOS]] activity -> [[MiPNet15.05_NO-manual|NO]] -> [[guanylate cyclase]] -> [[cGMP]] ([[Nisoli 2007 Circ Res]]). AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) increases PGC-1α expression through SIRT1 ([[Canto 2009 Nature]]).9 Nature]]).)
Phenylsuccinate + ('''Phenylsuccinate''' is a competitive inhibitor of succinate transport (20 mM).)
Phosphocreatine + ('''Phosphocreatine''' is a high energy compound in the skeletal muscle of vertebrates and is present in 4 to 5 times the concentration of ATP.)
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase + ('''Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase''' (P … '''Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase''' (PEPCK) catalyzes the anabolic reaction of [[oxaloacetate]] (Oxa) to [[phosphoenolpyruvate]] at the expense of GTP. PEPCK is a cytoplasmatic enzyme involved in gluconeogenesis in mouse and rat liver, but 'is found in the mitochondria in the rabbit and chicken, and in both cytoplasm and mitochondria in the guinea pig' ([[Lehninger 1970 Worth Publishers |Lehninger 1970]]). In many anoxia-resistant animals, PEPCK plays an important catabolic role under severe hypoxia and anoxia at the PEPCK branchpoint ([[Hochachka 2002 Oxford Univ Press |Hochachka, Somero 2002)]], feeding malate into the reversed TCA cycle: malate is dismutated to pyruvate catalyzed by [[malic enzyme]] in the oxidative direction, and to fumarate in the reductive direction, leading to formation of succinate and ATP under anoxia ([[Gnaiger 1977 Invertebrate anoxibiosis |Gnaiger 1977]]).[[Gnaiger 1977 Invertebrate anoxibiosis |Gnaiger 1977]]).)
Phosphorescence + ('''Phosphorescence''' is a similar phenome … '''Phosphorescence''' is a similar phenomenon to [[fluorescence]]. However, instead of the electron returning to its original energy state following excitation, it decays to an intermediate state (with a different spin value) where it can remain for some time (minutes or even hours) before decaying to its original state. Phosphorescence is one form of [[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.[[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.)
PhotoBiology + ('''PhotoBiology''' is the science of the e … '''PhotoBiology''' is the science of the effect of light on biological processes. This includes [[photosynthesis]], photochemistry, photophysics, photomorphogenesis, vision, bioluminescence, circadian rhythms and photodynamic therapy. Phototoxicity results from non-ionizing radiation (i.e. ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation). Non-ionizing radiation is any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy per quantum (photon energy below 10 eV) to completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule. When photons interact with molecules, the molecules can absorb the photon energy and become excited, reacting with surrounding molecules and stimulating "photochemical" and "photophysical" changes. Respiration may be affected by light during photosynthesis or in dark respiration, with the transient response of [[light-enhanced dark respiration]].[[light-enhanced dark respiration]].)
Photodecomposition + ('''Photodecomposition''' or photodegradati … '''Photodecomposition''' or photodegradation is the process of decay of organic material induced by increasing light intensity. Under aerobic conditions, the enhancement of photodecomposition by light intensity can be quantified by oxygen consumption in a controlled light regime. consumption in a controlled light regime.)