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This page provides a simple browsing interface for finding entities described by a property and a named value. Other available search interfaces include the page property search, and the ask query builder.

List of results

• Ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid  + ('''Ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid''' (EGTA) is a chelator for heavy metals, with high affinity for Ca²⁺ but low affinity for Mg²⁺. Sigma E 4378.)
• Etomoxir  + ('''Etomoxir''' (Eto; 2[6(4-chlorophenoxy)h … '''Etomoxir''' (Eto; 2[6(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate) is an irreversible inhibitor of [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase I]] (CPT-I) on the outer face of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Eto inhibits [[fatty acid oxidation]] by blocking the formation of acyl carnitines from long-chain fatty acids which require the carnitine shuttle for transport into mitochondria. In contrast to long-chain fatty acids, the transport of short- and medium-chain fatty acids is carnitine-independent.hain fatty acids is carnitine-independent.)
• Exergonic  + ('''Exergonic''' transformations or process … '''Exergonic''' transformations or processes can spontaneously proceed in the forward direction, entailing the irreversible loss of the potential to performe [[work]] (''erg'') with the implication of a positive internal [[entropy production]]. [[Ergodynamic equilibrium]] is obtained when an exergonic (partial) process is compensated by a coupled [[endergonic]] (partial) process, such that the Gibbs energy change of the total transformation is zero. Final [[thermodynamic equilibrium]] is reached when all exergonic processes are exhausted and all [[force]]s are zero. The backward direction of an exergonic process is endergonic. The distinction between exergonic and [[exothermic]] processes is at the heart of [[ergodynamics]], emphasising the concept of [[exergy]] changes, linked to the performance of [[work]], in contrast to [[enthalpy]] changes, linked to [[heat]] or thermal processes, the latter expression being terminologically linked to ''thermo''dynamics.inologically linked to ''thermo''dynamics.)
• Exergy  + ('''Exergy''' includes external and interna … '''Exergy''' includes external and internal [[work]]. Exergy as the external work is defined in the First Law of thermodynamics as a specific form of [[energy]]. Exergy as the dissipated Gibbs or Helmholtz energy is the irreversibly dissipated (internal) loss of the potential of performing work as defined in the Second Law of Thermodynamics. </br></br>Changes of exergy d''G'' plus [[bound energy]] yield the [[enthalpy]] change:</br></br> d''H'' = d''G'' + ''T''∙d''S'' = d''G'' + d''B'' = d''G'' + ''T''∙d''S'' = d''G'' + d''B'')
• Experimental log - DatLab  + ('''Experimental log''' provides an automat … '''Experimental log''' provides an automatically generated experimental protocol with detailed information about the O2k settings and calibrations, the [[Sample - DatLab|Sample]] information and various [[Events - DatLab |Events]]. Time-dependent information can be viewed for a single chamber or both chambers. The filter can be selected for viewing minimum information, intermittent by default, or all information. The experimental log can be viewed and saved as a PDF file by clicking on [Preview].ed as a PDF file by clicking on [Preview].)
• Export as CSV - DatLab  + ('''Export as CSV''' (*.csv) exports plots and events to a text file for further use in Excel and other programs.)
• Extensive quantity  + ('''Extensive quantities''' pertain to a to … '''Extensive quantities''' pertain to a total system, e.g. [[oxygen flow]]. An extensive quantity increases proportional with system size. The magnitude of an extensive quantity is completely additive for non-interacting subsystems, such as mass or flow expressed per defined system. The magnitude of these quantities depends on the extent or size of the system ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |Cohen et al 2008]]).[[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |Cohen et al 2008]]).)
• External flow  + ('''External flows''' across the system boundaries are formally reversible. Their irreversible facet is accounted for internally as transformations in a heterogenous system ([[internal flow]]s, ''I''_i).)
• Extinction  + ('''Extinction''' is a synonym for [[absorbance]].)
• Extrinsic fluorophores  + ('''Extrinsic fluorophores''' are molecules … '''Extrinsic fluorophores''' are molecules labelled with a fluorescent dye (as opposed to intrinsic fluorescence or autofluorescence of molecules which does not require such labelling). They are available for a wide range of parameters including ROS (H₂O₂, [[Amplex red]]) (HOO^-, MitoSOX) , mitochondrial membrane potential ([[Safranin]], JC1, [[TMRM]], [[Rhodamine 123]]), Ca²⁺ ([[Fura2]], Indo 1, [[Calcium Green]]), pH (Fluorescein, HPTS, SNAFL-1), Mg²⁺ ([[Magnesium Green]]) and redox state (roGFP).[[Magnesium Green]]) and redox state (roGFP).)
• F1000Research  + ('''F1000Research''' is an Open Research pu … '''F1000Research''' is an Open Research publishing platform for life scientists, offering immediate publication of articles and other research outputs without editorial bias. All articles benefit from transparent peer review and the inclusion of all source data. It is thus not a preprint server, but posters and slides can be published without author fees. Published posters and slides receive a DOI ([[digital object identifier]]) and become citable after a very basic check by our in-house editors. very basic check by our in-house editors.)
• FADH2  + ('''FADH2''' and '''FAD''': see [[Flavin adenine dinucleotide]].)
• FCCP  + ('''FCCP''' (Carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoro-m … '''FCCP''' (Carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoro-methoxyphenyl hydrazone, C₁₀H₅F₃N₄O) is a protonophore or [[uncoupler]]: added at uncoupler concentration U_''c''; ''c'' is the [[optimum uncoupler concentration]] in titrations to obtain maximum mitochondrial respiration in the [[noncoupled respiration|noncoupled]] state of [[ET capacity]].[[ET capacity]].)
• Fatty acid oxidation  + ('''Fatty acid oxidation''' is a multi-step … '''Fatty acid oxidation''' is a multi-step process by which [[fatty acid]]s are broken down in [[β-oxidation]] to generate acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH₂ for further electron transfer to CoQ. Whereas NADH is the substrate of CI, FADH₂ is the substrate of [[electron-transferring flavoprotein complex]] (CETF) which is localized on the matrix face of the mtIM, and supplies electrons from FADH₂ to CoQ. Before the ß-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix, fatty acids (short-chain with 1-6, medium-chain with 7–12, long-chain with >12 carbon atoms) are activated by fatty acyl-CoA synthases (thiokinases) in the cytosol. For the mitochondrial transport of long-chain fatty acids the mtOM-enzyme [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase I]] (CPT-1; considered as a rate-limiting step in FAO) is required which generates an acyl-carnitine intermediate from acyl-CoA and carnitine. In the next step, an integral mtIM protein [[carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase]] (CACT) catalyzes the entrance of acyl-carnitines into the mitochondrial matrix in exchange for free carnitines. In the inner side of the mtIM, another enzyme [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2]] (CPT-2) converts the acyl-carnitines to carnitine and acyl-CoAs, which undergo ß-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids do not require the carnitine shuttle for mitochondrial transport. [[Octanoate]], but not [[palmitate]], (eight- and 16-carbon saturated fatty acids) may pass the mt-membranes, but both are frequently supplied to mt-preparations in the activated form of [[octanoylcarnitine]] or [[palmitoylcarnitine]].mitoylcarnitine]].)
• Fatty acid  + ('''Fatty acids''' are carboxylic acids wit … '''Fatty acids''' are carboxylic acids with a carbon aliphatic chain. The fatty acids can be divided by the length of this chain, being considered as short-chain (1–6 carbons), medium-chain (7–12 carbons) and long-chain and very long-chain fatty acids (>12 carbons).</br>Long-chain fatty acids must be bound to [[Carnitine|carnitine]] to enter the mitochondrial matrix, in a reaction that can be catalysed by [[Carnitine acyltransferase|carnitine acyltransferase]]. For this reason, long-chain fatty acids, such as [[Palmitate|palmitate]] (16 carbons) is frequently supplied to mt-preparations in the activated form of [[Palmitoylcarnitine|palmitoylcarnitine]].</br>Fatty acids with shorter chains, as [[Octanoate|octanoate]] (8 carbons) may enter the mitochondrial matrix, however, in HRR they are more frequently supplied also in the activated form, such as [[Octanoylcarnitine|octanoylcarnitine]].</br></br>Once in the mitochondrial matrix, the [[Fatty acid oxidation|fatty acid oxidation]] (FAO) occurs, generating acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH2. In the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state|fatty acid oxidation pathway control state]] electrons are fed into the [[F-junction]] involving the [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF). FAO cannot proceed without a substrate combination of fatty acids & malate, and inhibition of CI blocks FAO. Low concentration of [[malate]], typically 0.1 mM, does not saturate the [[N-pathway]]; but saturates the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state |F-pathway]].tty acid oxidation pathway control state |F-pathway]].)
• Fermentation  + ('''Fermentation''' is the process of [[energy metabolism]] … '''Fermentation''' is the process of [[energy metabolism]] used to supply ATP, where redox balance is maintained with internally produced electron acceptors (such as pyruvate or fumarate), without the use of external electron acceptors (such as O₂). Fermentation thus contrasts with [[cell respiration]] and is an [[anaerobic]] process, but aerobic fermentation may proceed in the presence of oxygen.ic fermentation may proceed in the presence of oxygen.)
• File search - DatLab  + ('''File search''' yields a list of all fil … '''File search''' yields a list of all files labelled by the experimental code in a selected directory . Click on the file to preview the experimental log. With '''File Search''' you can search in all folders and subfolders on your computer for DatLab files with a selected experimental code. The experimental code is entered in the DatLab file in the window "Experiment" ([F3]). When you click on a folder and press the button search, the DatLab file names will appear on the right window. Click on a DatLab file and further information (e.g. Sample information, Background information) will appear in the window below.ormation) will appear in the window below.)
• Filters  + ('''Filters''' are materials that have wave … '''Filters''' are materials that have wavelength-dependent transmission characteristics. They are can be used to select the wavelength range of the light emerging from a [[light source]], or the range entering the [[detector]], having passed through the sample. In particular they are used in [[fluorometry]] to exclude wavelengths greater than the excitation wavelength from reaching the sample, preventing absorption interfering with the emitted [[fluorescence]]. Standard '''filters''' can also be used for calibrating purposes.can also be used for calibrating purposes.)
• Flavin adenine dinucleotide  + ('''Flavin adenine dinucleotide''', FAD and … '''Flavin adenine dinucleotide''', FAD and FADH₂, is an oxidation-reduction [[prosthetic group]] (redox cofactor; compare [[NADH]]). FMN and FAD are the prosthetic groups of flavoproteins (flavin dehydrogenases). [[Electron-transfer-pathway state |Type F substrates]] (fatty acids) generate FADH₂, the substrate of [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF). Thus FADH₂ forms a junction or funnel of electron transfer to CETF, the [[F-junction]] (compare [[N-junction]], [[Q-junction]]), in the [[F-pathway control state]]. In contrast, FADH₂ is not the substrate but the internal product of [[succinate dehydrogenase]] (CII). FAD is the oxidized (quinone) form, which is reduced to FADH₂ (hydroquinone form) by accepting two electrons and two protons.educed to FADH₂ (hydroquinone form) by accepting two electrons and two protons.)
• Flavonoids  + ('''Flavonoids''' are a group of bioactive … '''Flavonoids''' are a group of bioactive polyphenols with potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, abundant in fruits and vegetables, and in some medicinal herbs. Flavonoids are synthesized in plants from phenylalanine. Dietary intake of flavonoids as nutraceuticals is discussed for targeting T2D and other degenerative diseases.eting T2D and other degenerative diseases.)
• Fluorescence  + ('''Fluorescence''' is the name given to li … '''Fluorescence''' is the name given to light emitted by a substance when it is illuminated (excited) by light at a shorter wavelength. The [[incident light]] causes an electron transition to a higher energy band in the molecules. The electron then spontaneously returns to its original energy state emitting a photon. The intensity of the emitted light is proportional to the concentration of the substance. Fluorescence is one form of [[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.[[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.)
• Fluorometry  + ('''Fluorometry''' (or [[fluorimetry]]) is the general term given to the method of measuring the fluorescent emission of a substance following excitation by light at a shorter wavelength.)
• Flux / Slope  + ('''Flux / Slope''' is the time derivative … '''Flux / Slope''' is the time derivative of the signal. In [[DatLab]], Flux / Slope is the name of the pull-down menu for (1) normalization of flux (chamber volume-specific flux, sample-specific flux or flow, or flux control ratios), (2) [[flux baseline correction]], (3) [[Instrumental background oxygen flux]], and (4) [[flux smoothing]], selection of the [[scaling factor]], and stoichiometric normalization using a stoichiometric coefficient.</br>Before changing the normalization of flux from volume-specific flux to sample-specific flux or flow, or flux control ratios, please be sure to use the standard Layout 04a (Flux per volume) or 04b (Flux per volume overlay). When starting with the instrumental standard Layouts 1-3, which display the O2 slope negative, the sample-specific flux or flow, or flux control ratios will not be automatically background corrected. To obtain the background corrected specific flux or flux control ratios, it is needed to tick the background correction in the lower part of the slope configuration window. Background correction is especially critical when performing measurements in a high oxygen regime or using samples with a low respiratory flux or flow.mples with a low respiratory flux or flow.)
• Flux baseline correction  + ('''Flux baseline correction''' provides th … '''Flux baseline correction''' provides the option to display the plot and all values of the [[flux]] (or [[flow]], or [[flux control ratio]]) as the total flux, ''J'', minus a baseline flux, ''J''₀.</br> ''J_V''(bc) = ''J_V'' - ''J_V''₀</br> ''J_V'' = (d''c''/d''t'') · ''ν''^-1 · ''SF'' - ''J°_V''</br>For the oxygen channel, ''J_V'' is O2 flux per volume [pmol/(s·ml)] (or volume-specific O₂ flux), ''c'' is the oxygen concentration [nmol/ml = µmol/l = µM], d''c''/d''t'' is the (positive) slope of oxygen concentration over time [nmol/(s · ml)], ''ν''^-1 = -1 is the stoichiometric coefficient for the reaction of oxygen consumption (oxygen is removed in the chemical reaction, thus the stoichiometric coefficient is negative, expressing oxygen flux as the negative slope), ''SF''=1,000 is the scaling factor (converting units for the amount of oxygen from nmol to pmol), and ''J°_V'' is the volume-specific background oxygen flux ([[Instrumental background oxygen flux]]). ''Further details'': [[Flux / Slope]].lope]].)
• Flux control efficiency  + ('''Flux control efficiencies''' express th … '''Flux control efficiencies''' express the control of respiration by a [[metabolic control variable]], ''X'', as a fractional change of flux from ''Y_X'' to ''Z_X'', normalized for ''Z_X''. ''Z_X'' is the [[reference state]] with high (stimulated or un-inhibited) flux; ''Y_X'' is the [[background state]] at low flux, upon which ''X'' acts.</br></br>:: ''j_Z-Y'' = (''Z_X-Y_X'')/''Z_X'' = 1-''Y_X''/''Z_X''</br></br>Complementary to the concept of [[flux control ratio]]s and analogous to [[elasticity|elasticities]] of [[metabolic control analysis]], the flux control efficiency of ''X'' upon background ''Y_X'' is expressed as the change of flux from ''Y_X'' to ''Z_X'' normalized for the reference state ''Z_X''.</br>» [[Flux_control_efficiency#Flux_control_efficiency:_normalization_of_mitochondrial_respiration | '''MiPNet article''']][Flux_control_efficiency#Flux_control_efficiency:_normalization_of_mitochondrial_respiration | '''MiPNet article''']])

• Flux control ratio  + ('''Flux control ratios''' ''FCR''s are rat … '''Flux control ratios''' ''FCR''s are ratios of oxygen flux in different respiratory control states, normalized for maximum flux in a common reference state, to obtain theoretical lower and upper limits of 0.0 and 1.0 (0 % and 100 %). </br></br>For a given protocol or set of respiratory protocols, flux control ratios provide a fingerprint of coupling and substrate control independent of (''1'') mt-content in cells or tissues, (''2'') purification in preparations of isolated mitochondria, and (''3'') assay conditions for determination of tissue mass or mt-markers external to a respiratory protocol (CS, protein, stereology, etc.). ''FCR'' obtained from a single respirometric incubation with sequential titrations (sequential protocol; [[SUIT|SUIT protocol]]) provide an internal normalization, expressing respiratory control independent of mitochondrial content and thus independent of a marker for mitochondrial amount. ''FCR'' obtained from separate (parallel) protocols depend on equal distribution of subsamples obtained from a homogenous mt-preparation or determination of a common [[mitochondrial marker]].[[mitochondrial marker]].)
• Flux  + ('''Flux''', ''J'', is a [[specific quantity]] … '''Flux''', ''J'', is a [[specific quantity]]. Flux is [[flow]], ''I'' [MU·s^-1 per system] (an [[extensive quantity]]), divided by system size. Flux (''e.g.'', [[oxygen flux]]) may be volume-specific (flow per volume [MU·s^-1·L^-1]), mass-specific (flow per mass [MU·s^-1·kg^-1]), or marker-specific (e.g. flow per mtEU). The [[motive unit]] [MU] of chemical flow or flux is the advancement of reaction [mol] in the chemical format.ive unit]] [MU] of chemical flow or flux is the advancement of reaction [mol] in the chemical format.)
• Force  + ('''Force''' is an [[intensive quantity]] … '''Force''' is an [[intensive quantity]]. The product of force times [[advancement]] is the [[work]] (exergy) expended in a process or transformation. Force times flow is [[power]] [W].</br># The '''fundamental forces''' '''''F''''' of physics are the gravitational, electroweak (combining electromagnetic and weak nuclear) and strong nuclear forces. These gradient-forces are vectors with spatial direction interacting with the motive particle ''X'', d_'''m''''''''F'''''_''X'' [N ≡ J∙m^-1 = m∙kg∙s^-2]. These forces describe the interaction between particles as [[vector]]s with direction of a [[gradient]] in space, causing a change in the motion ([[acceleration]]) of the particles in the spatial direction of the force. The force acts at a distance, and the distance covered is the advancement. If a force is counteracted by another force of equal magnitude but opposite direction, the accelerating effects of the two forces are balanced such that the velocity of the particle does not change and no work is done beyond the interaction between the two counteracting forces. The total net force is partitioned into ''partial'' forces, and the counteracting force may be called ''resistance''. If the resistance is entirely due to frictional effects, then no work is done and the exergy is completely dissipated.</br># '''Isomorphic forces''' can be derived from (''1'') the fundamental forces or (''2'') statistical distributions if large numbers of particles are involved. The isomorphic forces are known as 'generalized' forces of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. An isomorphic '''motive force''', Δ_tr''F''_''X'', in thermodynamics or ergodynamics is the partial Gibbs (Helmholtz) energy change per advancement of a transformation (tr). </br>## In [[continuous system]]s accessible to the analysis of gradients, the '''motive vector forces''', d_'''m''''''''F'''''_''X'' (units: newton per amount of particles ''X'' [N∙mol^-1] or per coulombs of particles [N∙C^-1]), are vectors interacting with the motive particles ''X''.</br>## In [[discontinuous system]]s that consist of compartments separated by a semipermeable membrane, the '''compartmental motive forces''' are stoichiometric potential differences (∆) across a boundary of zero thickness, distinguished as isomorphic motive forces, ∆_tr''F''_''X'', with compartmental instead of spatial direction of the energy transformation, tr. The motive forces are expressed in various [[motive unit]]s, MU [J∙MU^-1], depending on the energy transformation under study and on the unit chosen to express the motive entity ''X'' and advancement of the process. For the protonmotive force the proton is the motive entity, which can be expressed in a variety of formats with different MU (coulomb, mole, or particle).ntity ''X'' and advancement of the process. For the protonmotive force the proton is the motive entity, which can be expressed in a variety of formats with different MU (coulomb, mole, or particle).)
• Free activity  + ('''Free activity''' ''α<sub>X</su … '''Free activity''' ''α_X'' [MU·m^-3] is [[pressure]] divided by isomorphic [[force]]. In the chemical [[amount]] format, ''α_X'' is expressed in units of concentration of ''X'' [mol·L^-1]. ''α_X'' is the local concentration in a concentration gradient. If the concentration gradient is collapsed to a boundary of zero thickness in a compartmental system, ''α_X'' reflects the singularity in the transition between the two phases or compartments., ''α_X'' reflects the singularity in the transition between the two phases or compartments.)
• Fumarase  + ('''Fumarase''' or fumarate hydratase (FH) is an enzyme of the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]] catalyzing the equilibrium reaction between [[fumarate]] and [[malate]]. Fumarase is found not only in mitochondria, but also in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotes.)
• Fura2  + ('''Fura2''' is a ratiometric fluorescence … '''Fura2''' is a ratiometric fluorescence probe for the measurement of calcium. Its derivative Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester (Fura2-AM) is membrane permable and can thus be used to measure intracellular free calcium concentration (Grynkiewicz et al., 1985). For this purpose, cells are incubated with Fura2-AM, which crosses the cell membrane by diffusion and is cleaved into free Fura2 and acetoxymethyl groups by cellular esterases. Intracellular free calcium is measured by exciting the dye at 340 nm and 380 nm, which are the excitation optima of calcium-bound and free Fura2, respectively, and emission detection above 500 nm. Through the ratiometric detection unequal distribution of the dye within the cell and other potential disturbances are largely cancelled out, making this a widely used and relatively reliable tool for calcium measurements.ly reliable tool for calcium measurements.)
• Gibbs energy  + ('''Gibbs energy''' ''G'' [J] is [[exergy]] … '''Gibbs energy''' ''G'' [J] is [[exergy]] which cannot be created internally (subscript i), but in contrast to [[internal-energy]] (d_i''U''/d''t'' = 0) is not conserved but is dissipated (d_i''G''/d''t'' < 0) in irreversible energy transformations at constant temperature and (barometric) pressure, ''T'',''p''. Exergy is available as [[work]] in reversible energy transformations (100 % [[efficiency]]), and can be partially conserved when the [[exergonic]] transformation is coupled to an [[endergonic]] transformation.[[endergonic]] transformation.)
• Glucose  + ('''Glucose''', also known as D-glucose or dextrose, is a monosaccharide and an important carbohydrate in biology. Cells use it as the primary source of energy and a metabolic intermediate.)
• Glutamate dehydrogenase  + ('''Glutamate dehydrogenase''', located in … '''Glutamate dehydrogenase''', located in the mitochondrial matrix (mtGDH), is an enzyme that converts [[glutamate]] to α-ketoglutarate [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_dehydrogenase]. mtGDH is not part of the TCA cycle, but is involved in [[glutaminolysis]] as an [[anaplerosis |anaplerotic reaction]].[anaplerosis |anaplerotic reaction]].)
• Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase Complex  + ('''Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex' … '''Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex''' (CGpDH) is a Complex of the electron transfer-pathway localized at the outer face of the mt-inner membrane. CGpDH is thus distinguished from cytosolic GpDH. CGpDH oxidizes [[glycerophosphate]] to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and feeds two electrons into the [[Q-junction]], thus linked to an [[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET pathway level 3 control state]].[[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET pathway level 3 control state]].)
• Glycerophosphate  + ('''Glycerophosphate''' (synonym: α-glycero … '''Glycerophosphate''' (synonym: α-glycerophosphate; glycerol-3-phosphate; C₃H₉O₆P) is an organophosphate and it is a component of glycerophospholipids. The mitochondrial [[Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase Complex]] oxidizes glycerophosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and feeds electrons directly to ubiquinone.hate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and feeds electrons directly to ubiquinone.)
• H2DCFDA  + ('''H2DCFDA''' (dichlorodihydrofluorescein … '''H2DCFDA''' (dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) is a cell permeant fluorescent probe that has been used as an indicator of ROS presence. It is a reduced form of fluorescein that does not present fluorescence. After entry in the cell, it suffers deacetylation by intracellular esterases, and upon oxidation it is converted to dichlorofluorescein (excitation wavelength ~492–495 nm, emission ~517–527 nm). It may be oxidised by hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, hypochlorite anion, nitric oxide, peroxyl radical, peroxynitrite, singlet oxygen and superoxide. Has been used as a general indicator of ROS by fluorescence microscopy.dicator of ROS by fluorescence microscopy.)
• Harmonization  + ('''Harmonization''' is the process of minimizing redundant or conflicting [[standard]]s which may have evolved independently. To obtain a common basis in reaching a defined objective, critical [[requirement]]s are identified that need to be retained.)
• Harmonized European norm  + ('''Harmonized European norms''' are [[norm]]s valid for all members of the European Union. They are mandatory parts of the individual national collections of norms.)
• Harmonized SUIT protocols  + ('''Harmonized [[SUIT protocols]] … '''Harmonized [[SUIT protocols]]''' (H-SUIT) are designed to include [[cross-linked respiratory states]]. When performing harmonized SUIT protocols in parallel, measurements of cross-linked respiratory states can be statistically evaluated as replicates across protocols. Additional information is obtained on respiratory coupling and substrate control by including respiratory states that are not common (not cross-linked) across the harmonized protocols.s-linked) across the harmonized protocols.)
• Healthy ageing  + ('''Healthy ageing''': 'WHO has released th … '''Healthy ageing''': 'WHO has released the first World report on ageing and health, reviewing current knowledge and gaps and providing a public health framework for action. The report is built around a redefinition of healthy ageing that centres on the notion of functional ability: the combination of the intrinsic capacity of the individual, relevant environmental characteristics, and the interactions between the individual and these characteristics' (Beard 2016 The Lancet). characteristics' (Beard 2016 The Lancet).)
• Heat  + ('''Heat''' is a form of [[energy]] … '''Heat''' is a form of [[energy]] [J]. The relationship between heat and [[work]] provides the foundation of thermodynamics, which describes transformations from an initial to a final state of a system. In energy transformations heat may pass through the boundary of the system, at an external heat flow of d_e''Q''/d''t''.al heat flow of d_e''Q''/d''t''.)
• Heterothermy  + ('''Heterothermy''' is the variable regulat … '''Heterothermy''' is the variable regulation of body temperature in [[endothermy | endotherms]] which can change their body temperatures as levels of activity and environmental conditions dictate (e.g. hibernators). In '''regional heterothermy''', temperature gradients are present, e.g. between body core and extremeties.t, e.g. between body core and extremeties.)
• Homeothermy  + ('''Homeothermy''' is the stable regulation of body temperature in [[endothermy | endotherms]] by metabolic heat production and control of heat exchange with the environment, or in [[ectotherms]] by behavioural means to select a stable thermal environment.)
• Horseradish peroxidase  + ('''Horseradish peroxidase''' readily combines with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and the resultant [HRP-H₂O₂] complex can oxidize a wide variety of hydrogen donors.)
• Hydrogen sulfide  + ('''Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S)''' is involved in signaling and may have have further biological importance.)
• Hydron  + ('''Hydron''' is the general name for the cation H⁺ used without regard to the nuclear mass of the hydrogen entity (H is the hydro group), either for H in its natural abundance or without distinction between the isotopes.)
• Hydroxycinnamate  + ('''Hydroxycinnamate''' (alpha-cyano-4-hydr … '''Hydroxycinnamate''' (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) is an inhibitor of the [[pyruvate carrier]] (0.65 mM). Above 10 mM [[pyruvate]], hydroxycinnamate cannot inhibit respiration from pyruvate, since the weak pyruvic acid can pass the inner mt-membrane in non-dissociated form.inner mt-membrane in non-dissociated form.)
• Hydroxylamine  + ('''Hydroxylamine''' is an inhibitor of [[catalase]].)
• Hyperoxia  + ('''Hyperoxia''' is defined as environmenta … '''Hyperoxia''' is defined as environmental oxygen pressure above the [[normoxic]] reference level. Cellular and intracellular hyperoxia is imposed on isolated cells and isolated mitochondria at air-level oxygen pressures which are higher compared to cellular and intracellular oxygen pressures under tissue conditions in vivo. Hyperoxic conditions may impose oxidative stress and may increase maximum aerobic performance. may increase maximum aerobic performance.)