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...membrane potential in the ''pmF''). The linearity of the generalized flow-pressure relationship explains the non-ohmic flow-force dependence in the proton lea The total motive pressure (motive = electric + chemical) is distinguished from the partial components

[[File:Pressure-force Einstein.png|right|400px|link=pressure]] {{Template:Force and pressure}}

...this case (''e.g.'', in most treatments of the [[protonmotive force]]) the diffusion path is moved from the (ergodynamic) isomorphic [[force]] term to the (kine == Compartmental description of diffusion (d): vectorial flux and force in a discontinuous system ==

...ortance. Such a reconciliation is proposed here on the basis of Einstein's diffusion equation. The new concept accounts for the effects exerted on flux by both |keywords=Gibbs force, free activity, reaction pressure

|title=Fick Adolf (1855) Über Diffusion. Pogg Ann 94:59-86. [[File:Pressure-force Fick.png|right|400px|link=Pressure]]

|title=The protonmotive force under pressure: an isomorphic analysis.

...and 5 % CO₂) and a high layer of culture medium causing oxygen diffusion limitation at high respiratory activity, but pericellular ''p''<sub>O<sub>2

...modynamic linear phenomenological laws, J = -L F. The conductivity, L, for diffusion is the product of mobility and concentration. In a linear concentration gra ...emical reactions, the "reaction pressure" is defined in analogy to osmotic pressure, as the product of the chemical driving force and a concentration term, the

...s devoted to processes of biophysical and physicochemical interest such as diffusion and thermodiffusion, transport phenomena in electrolytes, thermoelectricity ...rtment and on the other side with that of the right-hand compartment. .. a pressure difference Δ''P'' may be imposed across the membrane and volume flow may t

...ick 1855 Pogg Ann |Fick’s]] and [[Einstein 1905 Ann Physik 549 |Einstein’s diffusion equation]]. If theory gets tough, join for a [[MiPNet27.05 BEC tutorial-Liv ...[[Gnaiger Erich |Erich Gnaiger]] (AT) presents the concept of protonmotive pressure in discussion with [[Mazat Jean-Pierre |Jean-Pierre Mazat]] (FR) and partic

...concentration of the [[force]] at the point of [[action]]. More generally, pressure is the force times concentration at the interphase of interaction. :::: In physical chemistry, gas pressure is defined by the fundamental Gas law, which can be expressed in different

...ansfer reactions to vectorial translocation of protons. 2. From Einstein’s diffusion equation on gradients to Fick’s law on compartments. ...the diffusion path (in a homogenous medium at steady state; Fick's law of diffusion). Therefore, the concentration gradient of a continous system can be replac

...th ed. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2020-0002 - '''Chapter 8: Protonmotive pressure and respiratory control''' ...ick 1855 Pogg Ann |Fick’s]] and [[Einstein 1905 Ann Physik 549 |Einstein’s diffusion equation]].

|title=Gnaiger E (2017) Protonmotive force and chemiosmotic pressure: a generalization of non-ohmic flux control of the proton leak. MiP2017. ...osmotic pressure. In a straight application of the concept of chemiosmotic pressure, an approximately semi-logarithmic dependence is predicted between proton l

...ny-Rahbi B, Matejuk A, Grillon C, Kieda C (2011) Why is the partial oxygen pressure of human tissues a crucial parameter? Small molecules and hypoxia. https:// ...and diffusion into tissues are necessary for survival. The oxygen partial pressure ''p''_O₂, which is a key component of the physiologica

...transport or O₂ diffusion, and ('''c''') '''critical''' oxygen pressure in oxygen kinetics shifted by pathological and toxicological effects or env ...ub>2</sub> concentration ''c''_O₂ [µM], O₂ pressure ''p''_O₂ [kPa]

...icroxic]] conditions are best illustrated by a logarithmic scale of oxygen pressure or oxygen concentration. In the '''''anoxic state''''' ([[State 5]]), any a

...x-[[force]] relations and is replaced by the generalized isomorphic flux-[[pressure]] relations. Flows ''I'' [MU·s^-1] and forces ''F'' [J·MU<sup>- == Flux-force problems and flux-pressure solutions ==

[[File:Pressure-force Mitchell.png|right|400px|link=pressure]] {{Template:Force and pressure}}

| diffusion | at constant pressure

...ivity) is a dimensionless quantity related to the concentration or partial pressure of a dissolved substance. The activity of a dissolved substance B equals th ...This is achieved by normalization for a defined unit concentration or unit pressure.

...t 3 suffers from a confusion between ''system'' and ''process'' (reaction, diffusion, transformation in general) throughout the text. ...quantitative measure of the net driving force (at constant temperature and pressure).''" - <span style="color:#FF0000"> Gibbs energy = net driving force ? Ther

...ram. The model derives steady-state oxygen (O2) distributions from Fickian diffusion and Michaelis-Menten consumption kinetics in the mitochondria and cytoplasm

...The pattern of microxic regulation is characterized by a steep oxygen flux/pressure slope at very low oxygen, despite some degree of conformation at mild hypox ...alorimetric measurements at low oxygen require extreme care to prevent the diffusion of oxygen, and highly sensitive instruments are required to measure the oxy

...ick 1855 Pogg Ann |Fick’s]] and [[Einstein 1905 Ann Physik 549 |Einstein’s diffusion equation]]. If theory gets tough, join for a [[MiPNet27.05 BEC tutorial-Liv ...] ''pmF'' = Δ_m''F''_H⁺ and '''protonmotive pressure Δ_m''Π''_H⁺'''

...2</sub> transport or O₂ diffusion; and (∆C) ''critical'' oxygen pressure in oxygen kinetics shifted by pathological and toxicological effects or env ...ub>2</sub> concentration ''c''_O₂ [µM], O₂ pressure ''p''_O₂ [kPa]

...</sub> transport or O₂ diffusion; and ('''c''') critical oxygen pressure in oxygen kinetics shifted by pathological and toxicological effects or env ...ub>2</sub> concentration ''c''_O₂ [µM], O₂ pressure ''p''_O₂ [kPa]

...yte interface provides a substantial effective resistance to O₂ diffusion and underscores that modulations in erythrocyte hemodynamics and distributi

...the rate predicted for a single homogeneous CoQ10 pool. However, when the pressure by the reducing substrates increases due to strong inhibition of Complex II

...-1</sup>, and oxygen consumption at air saturation and standard barometric pressure (100 kPa) was 2.7 +/- 0.9 SD in 114 test runs at 37 °C. These highly stand :::* Chambers: chemically inert and minimum oxygen diffusion:

...e of exercise intensities. These data are consistent with an O₂ diffusion limitation across the 1-5-microns path-length from red cell to the sarcolem

...action proceeds in a [[Closed system |closed isothermal system at constant pressure]], the Gibbs energy of the system undergoes a change, d''G'' [J], when no o ...''F'', is the derivate of exergy (Gibbs energy at constant temperature and pressure) per advancement of the reaction. This is illustrated for reaction r, 0 = -

...rch outcome in the open, and build a reputation for themselves through the diffusion of their work without fear that this work will not be recognized by grant o ...ion process are drifting away from their fundamental objective, namely the diffusion of novel scientific discoveries.

...ronounced oxygen uptake above mitochondrial saturation at air-level oxygen pressure cannot be inhibited by rotenone and antimycin A, amounting to > 20% of [[RO ::::* Diffusion limitation is further aggravated in permeabilized fiber bundles with a radi

...four samples taken at 8400 m (27,559 ft)--at which altitude the barometric pressure was 272 mm Hg (36.3 kPa)--the mean PaO(2) in subjects breathing ambient air ...ical high-altitude pulmonary edema or a functional limitation in pulmonary diffusion.

...f diffusive oxygen movement depends on the oxygen tension gradient and the diffusion distance. ::::* The mitochondrial partial pressure of oxygen required to generate the high energy phosphate bonds (ATP) that m

...el (e.g. heavily anaesthetized animals, negligible intramyocyte O2 partial pressure, binary open-closed capillary function) have not withstood the test of time

...g Communications. From Peter Mitchell’s protonmotive force to protonmotive pressure: elements of the science of bioenergetics. ...ick 1855 Pogg Ann |Fick’s]] and [[Einstein 1905 Ann Physik 549 |Einstein’s diffusion equation]]. If theory gets dry and grey, join for a swim in lake Körbersee

...l symbol Δp for the ''pmF'' with reference to the proton, and Δ''p'' for a pressure difference. Or do iconic symbols have a clear advantage in general communic ...nergy transformations, such as changes in temperature d''T'' or barometric pressure d''p''.

...ments with permeabilized muscle fibers to prevent artificial O₂ diffusion limitation of respiration [3] or to induce hyperoxic stress. ...k. This is a safe, convenient, and economic alternative to the use of high-pressure gas tanks.

...spiration. A high-quality preparation of tissue homogenate could eliminate diffusion restrictions and thus the need for elevated oxygen levels. This may provide

...ygen solubility for aqueous solutions for the conversion of partial oxygen pressure into oxygen concentration. The standard oxygen calibration procedure is des ...lly, without exerting an influence on c1. If the temperature or barometric pressure are edited, then c1 is recalculated for the changed conditions.

...oncentration in the lipid phase of the mtIM is higher at identical partial pressure. ...bilized fibers, however, is nearly impossible due to uncontrollable oxygen diffusion gradients in fiber bundles after disruption of microcirculation. See: Gnaig

...rs such as maximal O₂ flux (''J''_O2,max) and partial pressure of O₂, which limits mitochondrial O₂ consumption rate ...to moderately big cells, our methods will provide valuable data on oxygen diffusion gradients and comparability of cells and isolated mitochondria.

== Part 4. The microenvironment of mitochondria and cells: diffusion gradients, shuttles and signals == ...R, Keriel C, Fontaine E, Leverve X (Tallinn, Moscow, Paris, Grenoble) ADP diffusion gradients and metabolic oscillatory signals to mitochondria in heart and li

...cm³, increasing attention has to be paid to problems of oxygen diffusion and bacterial growth" [2]. ...gen is consumed while the evolved carbon dioxide is trapped, such that the pressure in the constant-volume gas phase drops proportionally to oxygen consumption

...trate concentrations are neither inhibiting nor damaging. Air-level oxygen pressure, however, is effectively hyperoxic in isolated mitochondria ([[Gnaiger 2000 ...rtificial diffusion gradients resulting from the spatial constraints (long diffusion distances) in the fiber preparation ([[Gnaiger 2003 Adv Exp Med Biol|Gnaige

...sion limitation, which is overcome by increasing the O₂ partial pressure inside the chamber. Proper instrumental background correction is a must and

...ar. Why should we consider Fick’s linear law of diffusion and protonmotive pressure in the control of flux? ...sion of the ergodynamic concept of the protonmotive force and chemiosmotic pressure, inspired by the ''Grey Book'' of Peter Mitchell and added as the new Chapt

...nts of H2O2 production using Amplex UltraRed assay as a function of oxygen pressure » [[Media:Timea Komlodi_april19.pdf |Abstract pdf]] « ...de generation rate (further dismutated to H2O2). At sea level, the partial pressure of oxygen (O2) is around 20 kPa (concentration ≈200 µM) in the ambient a

:::: '''Handling:''' Be careful not to apply pressure against, or to shock, the inner glass capillary tube. :::: An O2k-chamber with a MultiSensor stopper has a higher oxygen back diffusion, ''a''⁰ at zero oxygen concentration, as compared with a standa