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List of results

PalOctPGMS + ('''PalOctPGMS''': [[Palmitoylcarnitine]] & [[Octanoylcarnitine]] & [[Pyruvate]] & [[Glutamate]] & [[Malate]] & [[Succinate]]. '''MitoPathway control state:''' [[FNS]] '''SUIT protocols:''' [[SUIT-019]])
PalOctPM + ('''PalOctPM''': [[Palmitoylcarnitine]] & [[Octanoylcarnitine]] & [[Pyruvate]] & [[Malate]]. '''MitoPathway control state:''' [[FN]] '''SUIT protocols:''' [[SUIT-019]])
PalPGMSGp pathway control state + ('''PalPGMSGp''': [[Palmitoylcarnitine]] … '''PalPGMSGp''': [[Palmitoylcarnitine]] & [[Pyruvate]] & [[Glutamate]] & [[Malate]] & [[Succinate]] & [[Glycerophosphate]].'''MitoPathway control state:''' FNSGp'''SUIT protocol:''' [[SUIT-026]]This substrate combination supports convergent electron flow to the [[Q-junction]].[[Q-junction]].)
Palmitate + ('''Palmitate''' is a term for the salts an … '''Palmitate''' is a term for the salts and esters of palmitic acid (CH3(CH2)14COOH). Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and the precursor to longer fatty acids. Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which in turn is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation. In order to dissolve the water-insoluble sodium palmitate, [[Bovine serum albumine| BSA]] is needed to form the water-soluble compound called palmitate:BSA.[[Bovine serum albumine| BSA]] is needed to form the water-soluble compound called palmitate:BSA.)
Palmitoyl-CoA + ('''Palmitoyl-CoA''' is a coenzyme A deriva … '''Palmitoyl-CoA''' is a coenzyme A derivative of palmitate formed by acyl-CoA synthase. In contrast to medium- and short-chain acyl-CoA, palmitoyl-CoA cannot freely diffuse into the mitochondrial matrix. Formation of palmitoylcarnitine by CPTI is necessary prior to transfer into mitochondria for further fatty acid oxidation (β-oxidation). To study [[Fatty acid oxidation]] using Palmitoyl-CoA, [[Carnitine]] and low amount of malate is needed on mitochondrial preparations.e is needed on mitochondrial preparations.)
Palmitoylcarnitine + ('''Palmitoylcarnitine''' is an ester deriv … '''Palmitoylcarnitine''' is an ester derivative of [[carnitine]] (long-chain acylcarnitine) involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. Within the cell, palmitoylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondria to deliver palmitate for fatty acid oxidation and energy production.atty acid oxidation and energy production.)
Pathway control efficiency + ('''Pathway control efficiencies''' are [[flux control efficiency |flux control efficiencies]] … '''Pathway control efficiencies''' are [[flux control efficiency |flux control efficiencies]], expressing the relative change of flux in response to a transition between two [[electron-transfer-pathway state]]s due to a change of (''1'') substrate availability or (''2'') inhibition of enzyme steps in the pathway, in a defined [[coupling-control state]].[[coupling-control state]].)
Peer review + ('''Peer reviews''' provide a critical asse … '''Peer reviews''' provide a critical assessment of a manuscript prior to publication. Bioenergetics Communications publishes [https://www.bioenergetics-communications.org/index.php/bec/BECPolicies#Permanency_of_content.2C_peer-review_process.2C_and_Journal.27s_options_for_post-publication_discussions_and_corrections Open Peer Reviews] for transparency of the review process.s] for transparency of the review process.)
PeerJ Preprints 'pre-print' area of PeerJ + ('''PeerJ Preprints''' is the 'pre-print' a … '''PeerJ Preprints''' is the 'pre-print' area of the Open Access journal ''PeerJ''. Similar to preprint servers that already exist (for example arXiv.org), authors can submit draft, incomplete, or final versions of articles they are working on. By using this service, authors establish precedent; they can solicit feedback; and they can work on revisions of their manuscript. Once they are ready, they can submit their preprint article into ''PeerJ'' (although it is not a requirement to do so).''PeerJ Preprints'' was launched in April 2013. It only accepts submissions in the same subject areas as ''PeerJ'' (biological, medical and environmental sciences) and ''PeerJ Computer Science''. In order to submit to ''PeerJ Preprints'', at least the submitting author must have a user account with ''PeerJ''. There is no pre-publication peer-review of submissions; however we do perform basic checks to ensure conformity with our policies. Submissions are made using the same platform as with the peer-reviewed journals, although some of the requirements are less stringent. Articles are not typeset, but we do provide automated conversion into PDF. The default is for a ''PeerJ Preprints'' publication to be fully open to all viewers (what we call a 'public' pre-print).'''PeerJ''' is an Open Access, peer-reviewed, scholarly journal. It considers and publishes research articles in the biological, medical and environmental sciences. It aims for rapid decision making and will publish articles as soon as they are ready. ''PeerJ'' is based in both San Diego, US, and London, UK.sed in both San Diego, US, and London, UK.)
Perfluorooctanoic acid + ('''Perfluorooctanoic acid''' (PFOA) is a metabolically inert perfluorinated fatty acid which activates [[UCP1]] in brown-fat mitochondria. UCP1-dependent respiration can be stimulated with 600 μM PFOA after inhibition of the phosphorylation system.)
Performance Estimation + ('''Performance estimation''')
PBMC + ('''Peripheral blood mononuclear cells''' ( … '''Peripheral blood mononuclear cells''' (PBMC) are a fraction of the leucocyte population in the blood composed by cells with round nucleus. PBMC consist of lymphocytes (T, B and NK cells) and monocytes. During extraction, neutrophils and platelets (PLT) can be found in the PBMC fraction, where PLT are considered as a contamination.ere PLT are considered as a contamination.)
Permeabilized cells + ('''Permeabilized cells''' (pce) are mitoch … '''Permeabilized cells''' (pce) are mitochondrial preparations obtained by selectively permeabilizing the plasma membrane (e.g., with [[digitonin]]), for the exchange of soluble molecules between the cytosolic phase and external medium, without damaging the [[mitochondrial|mt]]-membranes.'''Permeabilized cells''' (pce) are, therefore, not any longer viable or [[living cells]] (ce), since the intactness of cells implies the intactness of the plasma membrane. Any typical quantiative cell viability test (trypan blue etc) evaluating the intactness of the plasma membrane, yields a 100% negative result on fully permeabilized cells.For permeabilizing the cell plasma membranes chemically with [[digitonin]], without damaging the [[mitochondrial|mt]]-membranes, the optimum concentration of digitonin must be previously determinated. The protocol [[SUIT-010]] is designed for the evaluation of optimum digitonin concentration for permeabilizing cells, a requirement to account for differences between cell types, the concentration of cells, and variability between batches of the natural product digitonin. batches of the natural product digitonin.)
Permeabilized muscle fibers + ('''Permeabilized muscle fibers''' (pfi) ar … '''Permeabilized muscle fibers''' (pfi) are used as a mitochondrial preparation in respirometry to access mitochondrial function comparable to [[isolated mitochondria]] (imt). pfi are obtained by selectively permeabilizing the plasma membrane mechanically and chemically ([[saponin]]), for the exchange of soluble molecules between the cytosolic phase and external medium, without damaging the [[mitochondrial|mt]]-membranes.:» MitoPedia topic: [[Mitochondrial preparations]][Mitochondrial preparations]])
Permeabilized tissue or cells + ('''Permeabilized tissue''' ([[Permeabilized tissue|pti]] … '''Permeabilized tissue''' ([[Permeabilized tissue|pti]], see also [[permeabilized muscle fibers]], pfi) or cells ([[Permeabilized cells|pce]]) are mitochondrial preparations obtained by selectively permeabilizing the plasma membrane mechanically or [[permeabilization of plasma membrane|chemically]], for the exchange of soluble molecules between the cytosolic phase and external medium, without damaging the [[mitochondrial|mt]]-membranes.'''Permeabilized cells''' (pce) are, therefore, not any longer viable or [[living cells]] (ce), since the intactness of cells implies the intactness of the plasma membrane. Any typical quantiative cell viability test (trypan blue etc) evaluating the intactness of the plasma membrane, yields a 100% negative result on fully permeabilized cells.ative result on fully permeabilized cells.)
Permeabilized tissue + ('''Permeabilized tissue''' (pti, see also … '''Permeabilized tissue''' (pti, see also [[permeabilized muscle fibers]], pfi) are mitochondrial preparations obtained by selectively permeabilizing the plasma membrane mechanically or chemically (e.g., with [[saponin]]), for the exchange of soluble molecules between the cytosolic phase and external medium, without damaging the [[mitochondrial|mt]]-membranes.[[mitochondrial|mt]]-membranes.)
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha + ('''Peroxisome proliferator-activated recep … '''Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) coactivator-1α''' (PGC-1α) is a protein which functions as an inducible transcriptional coactivator, a coregulator of transcription factors, particularly [[NRF-1]] and [[TFAM]]. PGC-1α was first described in 1998 ([[Puigserver 1998 Cell]]). PGC-1α drives the formation of slow-twich muscle fibres ([[Lin 2002 Nature]]) and is increased upon endurance training ([[Norrbom 2004 J Appl Physiol]]). PGC-1α expression is inhibited by the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and high levels of leptin. Upregulation of PGC-1α expression is induced by increased [[eNOS]] activity -> [[MiPNet15.05_NO-manual|NO]] -> [[guanylate cyclase]] -> [[cGMP]] ([[Nisoli 2007 Circ Res]]). AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) increases PGC-1α expression through SIRT1 ([[Canto 2009 Nature]]).9 Nature]]).)
Phenylsuccinate + ('''Phenylsuccinate''' is a competitive inhibitor of succinate transport (20 mM).)
Phosphocreatine + ('''Phosphocreatine''' is a high energy compound in the skeletal muscle of vertebrates and is present in 4 to 5 times the concentration of ATP.)
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase + ('''Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase''' (P … '''Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase''' (PEPCK) catalyzes the anabolic reaction of [[oxaloacetate]] (Oxa) to [[phosphoenolpyruvate]] at the expense of GTP. PEPCK is a cytoplasmatic enzyme involved in gluconeogenesis in mouse and rat liver, but 'is found in the mitochondria in the rabbit and chicken, and in both cytoplasm and mitochondria in the guinea pig' ([[Lehninger 1970 Worth Publishers |Lehninger 1970]]). In many anoxia-resistant animals, PEPCK plays an important catabolic role under severe hypoxia and anoxia at the PEPCK branchpoint ([[Hochachka 2002 Oxford Univ Press |Hochachka, Somero 2002)]], feeding malate into the reversed TCA cycle: malate is dismutated to pyruvate catalyzed by [[malic enzyme]] in the oxidative direction, and to fumarate in the reductive direction, leading to formation of succinate and ATP under anoxia ([[Gnaiger 1977 Invertebrate anoxibiosis |Gnaiger 1977]]).[[Gnaiger 1977 Invertebrate anoxibiosis |Gnaiger 1977]]).)
Phosphorescence + ('''Phosphorescence''' is a similar phenome … '''Phosphorescence''' is a similar phenomenon to [[fluorescence]]. However, instead of the electron returning to its original energy state following excitation, it decays to an intermediate state (with a different spin value) where it can remain for some time (minutes or even hours) before decaying to its original state. Phosphorescence is one form of [[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.[[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.)
PhotoBiology + ('''PhotoBiology''' is the science of the e … '''PhotoBiology''' is the science of the effect of light on biological processes. This includes [[photosynthesis]], photochemistry, photophysics, photomorphogenesis, vision, bioluminescence, circadian rhythms and photodynamic therapy. Phototoxicity results from non-ionizing radiation (i.e. ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation). Non-ionizing radiation is any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy per quantum (photon energy below 10 eV) to completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule. When photons interact with molecules, the molecules can absorb the photon energy and become excited, reacting with surrounding molecules and stimulating "photochemical" and "photophysical" changes. Respiration may be affected by light during photosynthesis or in dark respiration, with the transient response of [[light-enhanced dark respiration]].[[light-enhanced dark respiration]].)
Photodecomposition + ('''Photodecomposition''' or photodegradati … '''Photodecomposition''' or photodegradation is the process of decay of organic material induced by increasing light intensity. Under aerobic conditions, the enhancement of photodecomposition by light intensity can be quantified by oxygen consumption in a controlled light regime. consumption in a controlled light regime.)
Photodiode arrays + ('''Photodiode arrays''' are two dimensiona … '''Photodiode arrays''' are two dimensional assemblies of [[photodiodes]]. They are frequently used in conjunction with charge coupled devices (CCDs) for digital imaging. They can be used in combination with [[dispersion devices]] to detect wavelength dependent light intensities in a [[spectrofluorometer]] or [[spectrophotometer]].[[spectrophotometer]].)
Photodiodes + ('''Photodiodes''' are photodetectors that … '''Photodiodes''' are photodetectors that convert [[incident light]] into a current or voltage dependent on their configuration. They have replaced photomultiplier tubes for most applications. For fluorometric measurements that do not require spectral data, a single photodiode with suitable [[filters]] can be used. Due to their larger detection area, they are more sensitive than [[photodiode arrays]].[[photodiode arrays]].)

('''Photorespiration''' is the process by which the enzyme RuBisCo oxygen)

Photorespiration + ('''Photorespiration''' is the process by w … '''Photorespiration''' is the process by which the enzyme RuBisCo oxygenates ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) instead of carboxylating it as part of the Calvin-Benson cycle, creating phosphoglycolate, a product that cannot be used within this cycle, thus dissipating the energy in [[photosynthesis]]. It is estimated that approximately 25 % of RuBisCo reactions are photorespiration, meaning a potential 25 % reduction in photosynthetic output due to the carbon fixed by photorespiration being released as carbon dioxide and nitrogen as ammonia, while the other product, 3-phosphoglycerate (G3P), requires a higher metabolic cost. This process involves a complex network of enzymes and metabolite exchanges between the chloroplasts, peroxisomes and mitochondria. It is also known as the oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle or C2 photosynthesis. Environmental conditions tend to affect it, such as temperature and partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide. C4 plants, CAM plants and algae have biochemical and biophysical mechanisms to overcome the photosynthetic losses due to photorespiration making them more photosynthetically efficient than C3 plants. [https://www.biotechniques.com/molecular-biology/new-photorespiratory-pathways-the-key-to-humanitys-survival/ Recent plant biotechnology advances] focuse on increasing plant photosynthetic carbon fixation by reducing photorespiration loses.asing plant photosynthetic carbon fixation by reducing photorespiration loses.)
Photosynthesis + ('''Photosynthesis''' is the process that c … '''Photosynthesis''' is the process that converts light energy into chemical energy which is subsequently transformed to the physiological energy demand. Photosynthesis has a light-dependent and light-independent (dark) phase. In plants, algae, and cynobacteria, light energy is absorbed during the light phase by the pigment chlorophyll and used to split water and generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reducing power - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), with the net production of O2 as a waste product. During the dark phase ATP and NADPH are used to synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 through the metabolic pathway called Calvin-Benson cycle. Oxygenic photosynthesis is responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen concentration of the Earth’s atmosphere. In bacteria such as cyanobacteria, photosynthesis involves the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells (plants and algae), photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts.plants and algae), photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts.)
Piericidin + ('''Piericidin''' C25 … '''Piericidin''' C25H37NO4 is an antibiotic (isolated from ''Streptomyces mobaraensis'') showing similarity with ubiquinone structure which has a potent and competitive inhibitory effect of [[Complex I |CI]] (it competes with endogenous and partially with exogenous Q for binding sites). CI inhibitors have been divided (''1'') depending of the site of action (functional classification): quinone antagonists (e.g. piericidin A, first site), semiquinone antagonists (piericidin A, second site; piericidin B; [[Rotenone| rotenone]] and quinol antagonists (myxothiazol; stigmatellin), and (''2'') depending on their effect on ROS production: inducing ROS production (e.g. rotenone, piericidin A, Rolliniastatin-1 and -2) and preventing ROS production (e.g. stigmatellin, capsaicin, mucidin and coenzyme Q2). In plants, pieridicin A inhibits photosystem II.in, mucidin and coenzyme Q2). In plants, pieridicin A inhibits photosystem II.)
Plan S + ('''Plan S''' is an initiative for [[Open Access]] … '''Plan S''' is an initiative for [[Open Access]] publishing that was launched in September 2018. The plan is supported by cOAlition S, an international consortium of research funding and performing organisations. Plan S requires that, from 2021, scientific publications that result from research funded by public grants must be published in compliant Open Access journals or platforms. According to [https://www.scienceeurope.org/our-priorities/open-access Science Europe], "Plan S requires that recipients of research funding from cOAlition S organisations make the resulting publications available immediately (without embargoes) and under open licences, either in quality Open Access platforms or journals or through immediate deposit in open repositories that fulfil the necessary conditions."ies that fulfil the necessary conditions.")
Platelet-rich plasma + ('''Platelet-rich plasma''' (PRP) is obtain … '''Platelet-rich plasma''' (PRP) is obtained as the upper layer at low-speed centrifugation (around 150-200 ''g''), when white and red blood cells sediment and thus get separated from plasma containing the [[platelet]]s. For further details see [[blood cell preparation]].[[blood cell preparation]].)
Platelet + ('''Platelets''' or '''thrombocytes''' (PLT) are cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes with hemostatic function in the blood stream. PLT are anucleated but contain functioning mitochondria that play a critical role in PLT activation.)
Poicilotherms + ('''Poicilotherms''' are [[ectotherms]] whose body temperatures conform to the temperature of the milieu in a thermally variable environment.)
Redox poise + ('''Poise'''=A state of balance. '''Redox p … '''Poise'''=A state of balance. '''Redox poise''' in electron transport occurs when each electron-carrying intermediate is present in both its oxidized state and its reduced state, in order for that component both to accept and to donate electrons or hydrogen atoms. Redox poise is likely to be essential in the Q-cycle, where the plastosemiquinone participates in one-electron transfer with cytochrome ''b'', despite its tendency to transfer its single electron to oxygen, generating superoxide. When applied to noncyclic electron transport, ''redox poise'' indicates a position of optimal redox state where the activity of components are such that their effective redox potentials favor physiologically useful electron transfer. physiologically useful electron transfer.)
Polarographic oxygen sensor + ('''Polarographic oxygen sensors''' (POS) a … '''Polarographic oxygen sensors''' (POS) are operated with a polarization voltage between the cathode and anode, connected by an electrolyte. Cathode, anode and electrolyte are separated from the analyte by an oxygen-permeable membrane. Oxygen is reduced at the cathode such that the local oxygen concentration is maintained at zero, and diffuses along the concentration gradient from the stirred medium to the cathode, resulting in a linear calibration between oxygen partial pressure and electric current [Amp] (amperometric mode of operation). The [[OroboPOS]] is the POS applied in the [[Oroboros O2k]].[[Oroboros O2k]].)
Polyether ether ketone + ('''Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)''' is a s … '''Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)''' is a semicrystalline organic polymer thermoplastic, which is chemically very resistant, with excellent mechanical properties. PEEK is compatible with ultra-high vacuum applications, and its resistance against oxygen diffusion make it an ideal material for high-resolution respirometry ([[POS]] insulation; coating of stirrer bars; stoppers for closing the O2k-Chamber).rs; stoppers for closing the O2k-Chamber).)
Polyvinylidene fluoride + ('''Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)''' is a … '''Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)''' is a pure thermoplastic fluoropolymer, which is chemically very resistant, with excellent mechanical properties. ''It is used generally in applications requiring the highest purity, strength, and resistance to solvents, acids, bases and heat'' ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinylidene_fluoride Wikipedia]). PVDF is resistant against oxygen diffusion which makes it an ideal material for high-resolution respirometry (coating of stirrer bars; stoppers for closing the O2k-Chamber).rs; stoppers for closing the O2k-Chamber).)
Post-examination procedures + ('''Post-examination procedures''', in the … '''Post-examination procedures''', in the postanalytical phase, are processes following the examination including systematic review, formatting and interpretation, authorization for release, reporting and transmission of the results, and storage of samples of the examinations.nd storage of samples of the examinations.)
Potentiometry + ('''Potentiometry''' is the general term gi … '''Potentiometry''' is the general term given to the method of measuring the electric potential difference between two electrodes connected by an electrolytic solution. The potential of the reference electrode is constant. The other electrode is called the indicator electrode. If this is an ion-selective electrode which is in equilibrium with the solution, the measured electric potential difference is proportional to the (negative) logarithm of the activity of a specific ion in the solution. Examples are the pH glass electrode for measurement of pH, and the TPP+ electrode for measurement of pTPP and calculation of mt-membrane potential.ment of pTPP and calculation of mt-membrane potential.)
Power + ('''Power''' ''P'' [W = J·s-1< … '''Power''' ''P'' [W = J·s-1] is [[exergy]] per time, or [[force]] times [[flow]], which cannot be created internally yet is not conserved but is dissipated (''P'' < 0) in irreversible energy transformations at constant temperature and (barometric) pressure, ''T'',''p''. Metabolic power and heat flux of irreversible processes are distinguished as the time rate of Gibbs energy and enthalpy changes, respectively. rate of Gibbs energy and enthalpy changes, respectively.)
Pre-examination procedures + ('''Pre-examination procedures''', in the p … '''Pre-examination procedures''', in the preanalytical phase, are steps starting, in chronological order, from the clinician’s request and including the examination requisition, preparation of the patient, collection of the primary sample, and transportation to and within the laboratory, and ending when the analytical examination procedure begins.e analytical examination procedure begins.)
PrePubMed + ('''PrePubMed''' indexes preprints from [[ArXiv preprint server |arXiv q-bio]] … '''PrePubMed''' indexes preprints from [[ArXiv preprint server |arXiv q-bio]], [[PeerJ Preprints 'pre-print' area of PeerJ |PeerJ Preprints]], [[BioRxiv preprint server for biology |bioRxiv]], [[F1000Research]], [[Preprints multidisciplinary preprint platform |preprints.org]], The Winnower, Nature Precedings, and Wellcome Open Research. Articles are not stored on PrePubMed, but you will be linked to the article at the respective site.ked to the article at the respective site.)
Precision + ('''Precision of measurement''' is the clos … '''Precision of measurement''' is the closeness of agreement between independent results of measurements obtained under stipulated conditions [SOURCE: ISO 3534-1:1993, 3.14]. Precision of measurement cannot be given a numerical value in terms of the [[measurand]], only descriptions such as 'sufficient' or 'insufficient' for a stated purpose. The degree of precision is usually expressed numerically by the statistical measures of imprecision of measurements, such as standard deviation and coefficient of variation, that are inversely related to precision. "Precision" of a given measurement procedure is subdivided according to the specified precision conditions. "[[Repeatability]]" relates to essentially unchanged conditions and is often termed "withinserial" or "within-run precision". "[[Reproducibility]]" relates to changes in conditions, e.g. time, different laboratories, operators, and measuring systems (including different calibrations and reagent batches).fferent calibrations and reagent batches).)
Preparation of SUIT chemicals + ('''Preparation of SUIT chemicals''' describes the preparation of chemicals used in Substrate-Uncoupler-Inhibitor Ttitration (SUIT) protocols.)
Preprints multidisciplinary preprint platform + ('''Preprints''' is a platform dedicated to … '''Preprints''' is a platform dedicated to making early versions of research outputs permanently available and citable. We post original research articles and comprehensive reviews, and papers can be updated by authors at any time. Content on ''Preprints'' is not peer-reviewed and can receive feedback from readers. ''Preprints'' focuses on original research articles and comprehensive reviews. Editorials, discussion papers, and commentary are usually not suitable. Preprints is fully owned and funded by MDPI, an open access journal publisher. It is run on a non-profit basis. You do not need to submit to an MDPI journal in order to post a preprint here, any work is welcome. If you do submit to an MDPI journal, you will be invited to submit to Preprints.org during the submission process. ''Preprints'' has the following features: ''Multidisciplinary'': We cover all research disciplines. ''Open access'': All preprints are posted with a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, ensuring that authors retain copyright and receive credit for their work, while allowing anyone to read and reuse their work. '' Citation via Crossref DOI'': Each preprint has a unique digital object identifier issued by Crossref. This makes them instantly citable and provides a permanent link to the article, even if the URL on our platform changes. New versions of preprints receive a different DOI. ''Comment on any article'': Authors can receive public or private feedback from readers directly from the preprint abstract page. ''Simple submission process'': Submitting a preprint only requires basic information, our team of editors will do the rest and post your preprint as soon as possible. MDPI.com is a platform for peer-reviewed, scientific open-access journals operated by MDPI, based in Basel, Switzerland (since 1996). MDPI is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics ([https://publicationethics.org/ COPE]). To verify the originality of content submitted to our journals, we use [http://www.ithenticate.com/ iThenticate] to check submissions against previous publications. MDPI works with [https://publons.com/about/home/ Publons] to provide reviewers with credit for their work.vide reviewers with credit for their work.)
Pressure + ('''Pressure''' is a fundamental quantity e … '''Pressure''' is a fundamental quantity expressing energy per volume. The SI unit of pressure is generally pascal [Pa] = [J·m-3]. The term 'stress' (mechanical stress) is used as a synonym for pressure ([[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI) |SI]]). Pressure is known in physics as mechanical pressure, which is force per area, ''p'' = ''F''·''A''-1 [Pa] = [N·m-2]. In physical chemistry, gas pressure is defined as ''p'' = ''n''·''V''-1·''RT'', where the [[concentration]] is ''c'' = ''n''·''V''-1 [mol·m-3], ''R'' is the [[gas constant]], and ''T'' is the absolute temperature, and ''RT'' is expressed in units of chemical force [J·mol-1]. van't Hoff's osmotic pressure assumes the same form applied to dissolved substances diffusing across a semipermeable membrane, but concentrations should be replaced by [[activity |activities]]. The activity of dissolved gases is expressed by the [[partial pressure]], where the [[solubility]] can be seen as an activity coefficient. Pressure appears explicitely or implicitely in all chapters of physics and physical chemistry. In contrast to the universal counterparts energy and force, however, the general connections between various isomorphic expressions of pressure remain poorly understood: Pressure is the concentration of the [[force]] at the point of [[action]]. More generally, pressure is the force times concentration at the interphase of interaction.]]. More generally, pressure is the force times concentration at the interphase of interaction.)
Temperature plot empty + ('''Problem:''' Layout "01 Calibration Exp. … '''Problem:''' Layout "01 Calibration Exp. Gr3-Temp" is selected, a third plot is displayed on the screen but it remains empty (no plot is shown). Newer versions of [[DatLab]] include pre-installed layouts which do not recognize some channel designations from older O2k series.hannel designations from older O2k series.)
Proficiency test + ('''Proficiency testing''' PT is an evaluat … '''Proficiency testing''' PT is an evaluation of participant performance against pre-established criteria by means of interlaboratory comparisons. Some PT providers in the medical area use the term “External Quality Assessment (EQA)” for their proficiency testing schemes, or for their broader programmes, or both. Internal PT strategies may be implemented into laboratory science as practical steps towards PT to achieve reproducibility.eps towards PT to achieve reproducibility.)
Proline dehydrogenase + ('''Proline dehydrogenase''' (ProDH), L-pro … '''Proline dehydrogenase''' (ProDH), L-proline:quinone oxidoreductase, is located on the inner side of the [[mtIM]], oxidizing [[proline]] to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, with reduction of FAD to FADH2 and direct entry into the [[Q-junction]], exerting an additive effect of convergent pathways. ProDH is widely distributed in a variety of organisms, is a source of ROS, and may play a role in carcinogenesis. source of ROS, and may play a role in carcinogenesis.)
Proton slip + ('''Proton slip''' is a property of the pro … '''Proton slip''' is a property of the proton pumps (Complexes CI, CIII, and CIV) when the [[proton]] slips back to the matrix side within the proton pumping process. Slip is different from the [[proton leak]], which depends on Δ''p'' and is a property of the inner mt-membrane (including the boundaries between membrane-spanning proteins and the lipid phase). Slip is an uncoupling process that depends mainly on flux and contributes to a reduction in the [[biochemical coupling efficiency]] of ATP production and oxygen consumption. Together with proton leak and cation cycling, proton slip is compensated for by [[LEAK respiration]] or LEAK oxygen flux, ''L''. Compare: [[Proton leak]].[Proton leak]].)
PubMed + ('''PubMed''' is a free search tool for articles in the life sciences field.)