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List of results

• Replica  + ('''Replica''' are designed in scientific [[study |studies]] … '''Replica''' are designed in scientific [[study |studies]] to evaluate the effect of uncontrolled variability on a result obtained from an [[experiment]] on a single [[sample]], to describe the variability and distribution of experimental results, and to obtain statistical information such as the median or average for a defined [[sample size]]. It may be useful to make a terminological distinction between ''replica'' of experiments, ''N'', designed to obtain statistical information on the [[population]], and ''[[repetitions]]'' of [[experiment]]s or [[assay]]s, ''n'', designed to obtain statistical information on the methodological [[precision]] of the measurements. The terms [[study]], [[experiment]] and [[assay]] have to be defined carefully in this context.e to be defined carefully in this context.)
• Research  + ('''Research''' is a term composed of '''se … '''Research''' is a term composed of '''search''' and '''re'''. What does this tell us? The best comparison of the English with a German word is ''Untersuchung'', composed of ''suchung'' (search) and ''unter'' (below). The term ''search'' (suchen) is straightforward to understand and comparable in both languages. The prefix ''re'' and ''unter'' are more difficult to reconcile, yet in both languages these perfixes reveal complementary if not nearly identical messages. ''re'' means {''Quote''} back to the original place; again, anew, once more {''end of Quote''} [1], whereas ''unter'' means ''below'' or ''underneath''. Re-search, therefore, is not simply the search or investigation of some topic or problem, it means essentially doing the search again and again (re -> re-producibility) and penetrating ''below'' a simple search by reaching out for an underlying level of the search. The ''re'' in re-search and re-producibility has to be extended ultimately from a single re-search group to inter-laboratory re-investigation. This tells us, therefore, that while ''search'' is valuable, ''re-search'' provides the necessary validation. This re-evaluation of confirmative re-search should be re-cognized as the most important strategy to address the [[reproducibility crisis]].[[reproducibility crisis]].)
• Resorufin  + ('''Resorufin''' is a fluorescence probe us … '''Resorufin''' is a fluorescence probe used in various biological assays. Among others, it is the product obtained in the [[Horseradish_peroxidase| Horseradish peroxidase]]-catalyzed assay using [[Amplex_red| Amplex Red]] for the measurement of [[Hydrogen_peroxide| H₂O₂]] production.[[Hydrogen_peroxide| H₂O₂]] production.)
• Respiratory complexes  + ('''Respiratory Complexes''' are membrane-bound enzymes consisting of several subunits which are involved in energy transduction of the respiratory system. [[Respiratory Complexes#Respiratory Complexes - more than five |» '''MiPNet article''']])
• Respiratory state  + ('''Respiratory states''' of [[mitochondrial preparations]] … '''Respiratory states''' of [[mitochondrial preparations]] and [[living cells]] are defined in the current literature in many ways and with a diversity of terms. Mitochondrial respiratory states must be defined in terms of both, the [[coupling-control state]] and the [[electron-transfer-pathway state]].[[electron-transfer-pathway state]].)
• Respirometry  + ('''Respirometry''' is the quantitative mea … '''Respirometry''' is the quantitative measurement of respiration. ''Respiration is therefore a combustion, a very slow one to be precise'' (Lavoisier and Laplace 1783). Thus the ''basic idea of using calorimetry to explore the ''sources'' and ''dynamics'' of heat changes were present in the origins of bioenergetics'' ([[Gnaiger_1983_J Exp Zool|Gnaiger 1983]]). Respirometry provides an ''indirect'' calorimetric approach to the measurement of metabolic heat changes, by measuring oxygen uptake (and carbon dioxide production and nitrogen excretion in the form of ammonia, urea, or uric acid) and converting the oxygen consumed into an [[enthalpy]] change, using the [[oxycaloric equivalent]]. Liebig (1842) showed that the substrate of oxidative respiration was protein, carbohydrates, and fat. ''The sum of these chemical changes of materials under the influence of living cells is known as [[metabolism]]'' (Lusk 1928). The amount (volume STP) of carbon dioxide expired to the amount (volume STP) of oxygen inspired simultaneously is the respiratory quotient, which is 1.0 for the combustion of carbohydrate, but less for lipid and protein. Voit (1901) summarized early respirometric studies carried out by the ''Munich school'' on patients and healthy controls, concluding that ''the metabolism in the body was not proportional to the combustibility of the substances outside the body, but that protein, which burns with difficulty outside, metabolizes with the greatest ease, then carbohydrates, while fats, which readily burns outside, is the most difficultly combustible in the organism.'' Extending these conclusions on the ''sources'' of metabolic heat changes, the corresponding ''dynamics'' or respiratory control was summarized (Lusk 1928): ''The absorption of oxygen does not cause metabolism, but rather the amount of the metabolism determines the amount of oxygen to be absorbed. .. metabolism regulates the respiration.''.. metabolism regulates the respiration.'')
• Resting metabolic rate  + ('''Resting respiration''' or '''resting me … '''Resting respiration''' or '''resting metabolic rate''' (RMR) is measured under standard conditions of an 8–12-h fast and a 12-h abstinence from exercise. In an exemplary study ([[Haugen 2003 Am J Clin Nutr]]), "subjects rested quietly in the supine position in an isolated room with the temperature controlled to 21–24° C. RMR was measured for 15–20 min. Criteria for a valid RMR was a minimum of 15 min of steady state, determined as a <10% fluctuation in oxygen consumption and <5% fluctuation in respiratory quotient". The main difference between RMR and BMR ([[basal metabolic rate]]) is the position of the subject during measurement. Resting metabolic rate is the largest component of the daily energy budget in most human societies and increases with physical training state ([[Speakman 2003 Proc Nutr Soc]]).man 2003 Proc Nutr Soc]]).)
• Resveratrol  + ('''Resveratrol''' is a natural bioactive phenol prouced by several plants with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Dietary intake as nutraceutical is discussed for targeting mitochondria with a wide spectrum of action in degenerative diseases.)
• Risk management  + ('''Risk management''' is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks.)
• Rotenone  + ('''Rotenone''' is an inhibitor of [[Complex I]] (CI) and thus inhibits NADH oxidation. It inhibits the transfer of electrons from iron-sulfur clusters in CI to ubiquinone via binding to the ubiquinone binding site of CI. See also [[Succinate pathway]].)

• Ruthenium red  + ('''Ruthenium red''' (synonym: ammoniated r … '''Ruthenium red''' (synonym: ammoniated ruthenium oxychloride) inhibits the mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uniporter. However, in addition it has been shown to interact with and inhibit a large number of other proteins, including ion channels particularly of the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV) family [1], Ca²⁺-ATPases, and, importantly, the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) [2]. and, importantly, the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) [2].)
• SF6847  + ('''SF6847''' (C₁₈H& … '''SF6847''' (C₁₈H₂₂N_2O), also known as tyrphostin A9 or malonoben, is a protonophore and a very potent [[uncoupler]] of [[oxidative phosphorylation]], being used in the nM range. Like all uncouplers, SF6847 concentrations must be titrated carefully to evaluate the [[Uncoupler#Optimum_uncoupler_concentration|optimum concentration]] for maximum stimulation of mitochondrial respiration, particularly to avoid inhibition of respiration at higher concentrations.ion, particularly to avoid inhibition of respiration at higher concentrations.)
• SGp-pathway control state  + ('''SGp''': [[Succinate]] & [[Glycerophosphate]]. '''MitoPathway control state:''' SGp; obtained with OctPGMSGp(Rot) '''SUIT protocol:''' [[SUIT-001]] and ((SUIT-002)
• SUIT  + ('''SUIT''' is the abbreviation for '''S''' … '''SUIT''' is the abbreviation for '''S'''ubstrate-'''U'''ncoupler-'''I'''nhibitor '''T'''itration. SUIT protocols are used with mt-preparations to study respiratory control in a sequence of coupling and pathway control states induced by multiple titrations within a single experimental assay. These studies use biological samples economically to gain maximum information with a minimum amount of cells or tissue. with a minimum amount of cells or tissue.)
• Safranin  + ('''Safranin''' is one of the most establis … '''Safranin''' is one of the most established dyes for measuring [[mitochondrial membrane potential]] by [[fluorometry]]. It is an [[extrinsic fluorophores |extrinsic fluorophore]] with an excitation wavelength of 495 nm and emission wavelength of 587 nm. Safranin is a potent inhibitor of [[NADH electron transfer-pathway state |N-linked respiration]] and of the [[phosphorylation system]].</br></br>''Synonyms:'' Safranin O, Safranin Y, Safranin T, Gossypimine, Cotton Red, Basic Red2nin T, Gossypimine, Cotton Red, Basic Red2)
• Salicylhydroxamic acid  + ('''Salicylhydroxamic acid''' (SHAM; synony … '''Salicylhydroxamic acid''' (SHAM; synonym: 2-Hydroxybenzohydroxamic acid N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide) is an inhibitor of the [[alternative oxidase]] (AOX). When AOX is blocked by SHAM, electrons are forced through the CIII-cytochrome ''c'' oxidase pathway, allowing observation of the operation of the CIII-CIV pathway without AOX activity.the CIII-CIV pathway without AOX activity.)
• Sample mass concentration  + ('''Sample mass [[concentration]]''' is ''C''_{''m''_s} = ''m''_s·''V''^-1 [kg·m^-3].)
• Sample size  + ('''Sample size''' is an ambiguous term. (1 … '''Sample size''' is an ambiguous term. (1) Size can be measured as an extensive quantity in terms of [[mass]] ''m''_S [kg], [[volume]] ''V''_S [m³], or [[energy]] ''E''_S [J] of a pure [[sample]] S. If the sample consists of countable [[entity |entities]] ''X'', the [[count]] ''N''_''X'' [x] in sample S is an elementary quantity, in contrast to the extensive quantities used as indicators of sample size. (2) In statistics, however, the term 'sample size' does not refer to the individual sample, but indicates on the contrary the number of samples investigated or sampled from a study group. ''N'' is the number of [[sample]]s collected and assayed to obtain representative statistical information on the [[population]]. The population size defines the upper limit of the statistical sample size.[[population]]. The population size defines the upper limit of the statistical sample size.)
• Saponin  + ('''Saponin''' is a mild detergent that [[Permeabilization of plasma membrane|permeabilizes plasma membranes]] … '''Saponin''' is a mild detergent that [[Permeabilization of plasma membrane|permeabilizes plasma membranes]] completely and selectively due to their high cholesterol content, whereas mt-membranes with lower cholesterol content are affected only at higher concentrations. Applied for [[Permeabilized tissue or cells|permeabilization of muscle fibres]].[[Permeabilized tissue or cells|permeabilization of muscle fibres]].)
• Save and Disconnect  + ('''Save and Disconnect''': Stops data acquisition and disconnects from the O2k (only for DatLab 7))