Search by property

This page provides a simple browsing interface for finding entities described by a property and a named value. Other available search interfaces include the page property search, and the ask query builder.

List of results

• Rapamycin  + ('''Rapamycin''' is an inhibitor of the mam … '''Rapamycin''' is an inhibitor of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin, complex 1 (mTORC1). Rapamycin induces autophagy and dyscouples mitochondrial respiration. Rapamycin delays senescence in human cells, and extends lifespan in mice without detrimental effects on mitochondrial fitness in skeletal muscle. mitochondrial fitness in skeletal muscle.)
• Reactive nitrogen species  + ('''Reactive nitrogen species''', RNS, are nitric oxide-derived oxidants. The main source of RNS is [[nitric oxide]] (NO•). NO• plays an important role in cell signaling and in oxidative-nitrosative stress.)
• Reactive oxygen species  + ('''Reactive oxygen species''', ROS, are mo … '''Reactive oxygen species''', ROS, are molecules derived from molecular [[oxygen]], including free oxygen radicals, which are more reactive than O₂. Physiologically and pathologically important ROS include [[superoxide]], the [[hydroxyl radical]] and [[hydroxide ion]], [[hydrogen peroxide]] and other [[peroxides]]. These are important in cell signalling, oxidative defence mechanisms and [[oxidative stress]].[[oxidative stress]].)
• Reference material  + ('''Reference material''' (RM) is material … '''Reference material''' (RM) is material or substance one or more of whose property values are sufficiently homogeneous and well established to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, the assessment of a measurement procedure, or for assigning values to materials (adapted from VIM: 1993, 6.13). The adjective 'homogeneous' refers to the physical homogeneity between macroscopic parts of the material, not to any microheterogeneity between molecules of the analyte.'''Primary reference material''' is reference material having the highest metrological qualities and whose value is determined by means of a primary reference measurement procedure. The concept "primary calibrator" is subordinate to "calibrator" (see 3.7) and to "primary reference material". 3.7) and to "primary reference material".)
• References in BEC https-format  + ('''References in BEC https-format''' show … '''References in BEC https-format''' show (''1'') the list of authors, (''2'') the year of publication in parentheses, (''3'') the title of the publication, and (''4'') the https://doi.org/ link. Removing all the unnecessary detail of journal name and pages, the focus is on authors, year, and title of the reference, which is a concept in line with [[DORA]]. The https-link then does the full job. In exceptional cases when there is no such link, the following formats would apply: a https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ link, a link directly to an Open Access pdf, or the old conventional format for the reference. Scientific journals apply ''yesterday's concepts'' in the various formats of references with bewildering abbreviations of journals, volumes, issues, page numbers. We can do ''today's job'' much better using the BEC https-format: </br><small></br># Arese Lucini F, Morone F, Tomassone MS, Makse HA (2021) Diversity increases the stability of ecosystems. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228692</br># Begley CG, Ioannidis JPA (2015) Reproducibility in science: improving the standard for basic and preclinical research. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.303819. </br># Buranyi S (2017) Is the staggeringly profitable business of scientific publishing bad for science? https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jun/27/profitable-business-scientific-publishing-bad-for-science </br># Cardoso LHD, Doerrier C, Gnaiger E (2021) Magnesium Green for fluorometric measurement of ATP production does not interfere with mitochondrial respiration. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2021-0001 </br># Day S, Rennie S, Luo D, Tucker JD (2020) Open to the public: paywalls and the public rationale for open access medical research publishing. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40900-020-0182-y</br># Gnaiger E (2001) Bioenergetics at low oxygen: dependence of respiration and phosphorylation on oxygen and adenosine diphosphate supply. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-5687(01)00307-3 </br># ….</br></small></br>Compare with a conventional reference format in: Gnaiger E (2021) Beyond counting papers – a mission and vision for scientific publication. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2021-0005ic publication. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2021-0005)
• Reliability  + ('''Reliability''' relates the magnitude of … '''Reliability''' relates the magnitude of the measurement error in observed measurements (i.e., precision or intermediate precision) to the inherent variability in the ‘error-free’, ‘true’, or underlying level of the quantity between subjects. The value of the reliability takes a value between 0 and 1. When the variability value is zero, indicates that all the variability in the measurements is due to measurement error. And, on the contrary, when the value is 1 indicates that there is a zero error in the measurement error. It is also known as the intraclass correlation, as it equals the correlation between any two measurements made on the same subject.two measurements made on the same subject.)
• Repetitions  + ('''Repetitions''' of an [[experiment]] … '''Repetitions''' of an [[experiment]] or [[assay]] are designed to obtain statistical information on the methodological [[precision]] of the measurements. A number of repetitions, ''n'', of measurements are performed on the same sample, applying an identical experimental protocol to subsamples, without providing any information on variability between samples.nformation on variability between samples.)
• Replica  + ('''Replica''' are designed in scientific [[study |studies]] … '''Replica''' are designed in scientific [[study |studies]] to evaluate the effect of uncontrolled variability on a result obtained from an [[experiment]] on a single [[sample]], to describe the variability and distribution of experimental results, and to obtain statistical information such as the median or average for a defined [[sample size]]. It may be useful to make a terminological distinction between ''replica'' of experiments, ''N'', designed to obtain statistical information on the [[population]], and ''[[repetitions]]'' of [[experiment]]s or [[assay]]s, ''n'', designed to obtain statistical information on the methodological [[precision]] of the measurements. The terms [[study]], [[experiment]] and [[assay]] have to be defined carefully in this context.e to be defined carefully in this context.)
• Research  + ('''Research''' is a term composed of '''se … '''Research''' is a term composed of '''search''' and '''re'''. What does this tell us? The best comparison of the English with a German word is ''Untersuchung'', composed of ''suchung'' (search) and ''unter'' (below). The term ''search'' (suchen) is straightforward to understand and comparable in both languages. The prefix ''re'' and ''unter'' are more difficult to reconcile, yet in both languages these perfixes reveal complementary if not nearly identical messages. ''re'' means {''Quote''} back to the original place; again, anew, once more {''end of Quote''} [1], whereas ''unter'' means ''below'' or ''underneath''. Re-search, therefore, is not simply the search or investigation of some topic or problem, it means essentially doing the search again and again (re -> re-producibility) and penetrating ''below'' a simple search by reaching out for an underlying level of the search. The ''re'' in re-search and re-producibility has to be extended ultimately from a single re-search group to inter-laboratory re-investigation. This tells us, therefore, that while ''search'' is valuable, ''re-search'' provides the necessary validation. This re-evaluation of confirmative re-search should be re-cognized as the most important strategy to address the [[reproducibility crisis]].[[reproducibility crisis]].)
• Resorufin  + ('''Resorufin''' is a fluorescence probe us … '''Resorufin''' is a fluorescence probe used in various biological assays. Among others, it is the product obtained in the [[Horseradish_peroxidase| Horseradish peroxidase]]-catalyzed assay using [[Amplex_red| Amplex Red]] for the measurement of [[Hydrogen_peroxide| H₂O₂]] production.[[Hydrogen_peroxide| H₂O₂]] production.)
• Respiratory complexes  + ('''Respiratory Complexes''' are membrane-bound enzymes consisting of several subunits which are involved in energy transduction of the respiratory system. [[Respiratory Complexes#Respiratory Complexes - more than five |» '''MiPNet article''']])
• Respiratory state  + ('''Respiratory states''' of [[mitochondrial preparations]] … '''Respiratory states''' of [[mitochondrial preparations]] and [[living cells]] are defined in the current literature in many ways and with a diversity of terms. Mitochondrial respiratory states must be defined in terms of both, the [[coupling-control state]] and the [[electron-transfer-pathway state]].[[electron-transfer-pathway state]].)
• Respirometry  + ('''Respirometry''' is the quantitative mea … '''Respirometry''' is the quantitative measurement of respiration. ''Respiration is therefore a combustion, a very slow one to be precise'' (Lavoisier and Laplace 1783). Thus the ''basic idea of using calorimetry to explore the ''sources'' and ''dynamics'' of heat changes were present in the origins of bioenergetics'' ([[Gnaiger_1983_J Exp Zool|Gnaiger 1983]]). Respirometry provides an ''indirect'' calorimetric approach to the measurement of metabolic heat changes, by measuring oxygen uptake (and carbon dioxide production and nitrogen excretion in the form of ammonia, urea, or uric acid) and converting the oxygen consumed into an [[enthalpy]] change, using the [[oxycaloric equivalent]]. Liebig (1842) showed that the substrate of oxidative respiration was protein, carbohydrates, and fat. ''The sum of these chemical changes of materials under the influence of living cells is known as [[metabolism]]'' (Lusk 1928). The amount (volume STP) of carbon dioxide expired to the amount (volume STP) of oxygen inspired simultaneously is the respiratory quotient, which is 1.0 for the combustion of carbohydrate, but less for lipid and protein. Voit (1901) summarized early respirometric studies carried out by the ''Munich school'' on patients and healthy controls, concluding that ''the metabolism in the body was not proportional to the combustibility of the substances outside the body, but that protein, which burns with difficulty outside, metabolizes with the greatest ease, then carbohydrates, while fats, which readily burns outside, is the most difficultly combustible in the organism.'' Extending these conclusions on the ''sources'' of metabolic heat changes, the corresponding ''dynamics'' or respiratory control was summarized (Lusk 1928): ''The absorption of oxygen does not cause metabolism, but rather the amount of the metabolism determines the amount of oxygen to be absorbed. .. metabolism regulates the respiration.''.. metabolism regulates the respiration.'')
• Resting metabolic rate  + ('''Resting respiration''' or '''resting me … '''Resting respiration''' or '''resting metabolic rate''' (RMR) is measured under standard conditions of an 8–12-h fast and a 12-h abstinence from exercise. In an exemplary study ([[Haugen 2003 Am J Clin Nutr]]), "subjects rested quietly in the supine position in an isolated room with the temperature controlled to 21–24° C. RMR was measured for 15–20 min. Criteria for a valid RMR was a minimum of 15 min of steady state, determined as a <10% fluctuation in oxygen consumption and <5% fluctuation in respiratory quotient". The main difference between RMR and BMR ([[basal metabolic rate]]) is the position of the subject during measurement. Resting metabolic rate is the largest component of the daily energy budget in most human societies and increases with physical training state ([[Speakman 2003 Proc Nutr Soc]]).man 2003 Proc Nutr Soc]]).)
• Resveratrol  + ('''Resveratrol''' is a natural bioactive phenol prouced by several plants with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Dietary intake as nutraceutical is discussed for targeting mitochondria with a wide spectrum of action in degenerative diseases.)
• Risk management  + ('''Risk management''' is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks.)
• Rotenone  + ('''Rotenone''' is an inhibitor of [[Complex I]] (CI) and thus inhibits NADH oxidation. It inhibits the transfer of electrons from iron-sulfur clusters in CI to ubiquinone via binding to the ubiquinone binding site of CI. See also [[Succinate pathway]].)
• Ruthenium red  + ('''Ruthenium red''' (synonym: ammoniated r … '''Ruthenium red''' (synonym: ammoniated ruthenium oxychloride) inhibits the mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uniporter. However, in addition it has been shown to interact with and inhibit a large number of other proteins, including ion channels particularly of the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV) family [1], Ca²⁺-ATPases, and, importantly, the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) [2]. and, importantly, the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) [2].)
• SF6847  + ('''SF6847''' (C₁₈H& … '''SF6847''' (C₁₈H₂₂N_2O), also known as tyrphostin A9 or malonoben, is a protonophore and a very potent [[uncoupler]] of [[oxidative phosphorylation]], being used in the nM range. Like all uncouplers, SF6847 concentrations must be titrated carefully to evaluate the [[Uncoupler#Optimum_uncoupler_concentration|optimum concentration]] for maximum stimulation of mitochondrial respiration, particularly to avoid inhibition of respiration at higher concentrations.ion, particularly to avoid inhibition of respiration at higher concentrations.)
• SGp-pathway control state  + ('''SGp''': [[Succinate]] & [[Glycerophosphate]]. '''MitoPathway control state:''' SGp; obtained with OctPGMSGp(Rot) '''SUIT protocol:''' [[SUIT-001]] and ((SUIT-002)
• SUIT  + ('''SUIT''' is the abbreviation for '''S''' … '''SUIT''' is the abbreviation for '''S'''ubstrate-'''U'''ncoupler-'''I'''nhibitor '''T'''itration. SUIT protocols are used with mt-preparations to study respiratory control in a sequence of coupling and pathway control states induced by multiple titrations within a single experimental assay. These studies use biological samples economically to gain maximum information with a minimum amount of cells or tissue. with a minimum amount of cells or tissue.)
• Safranin  + ('''Safranin''' is one of the most establis … '''Safranin''' is one of the most established dyes for measuring [[mitochondrial membrane potential]] by [[fluorometry]]. It is an [[extrinsic fluorophores |extrinsic fluorophore]] with an excitation wavelength of 495 nm and emission wavelength of 587 nm. Safranin is a potent inhibitor of [[NADH electron transfer-pathway state |N-linked respiration]] and of the [[phosphorylation system]].</br></br>''Synonyms:'' Safranin O, Safranin Y, Safranin T, Gossypimine, Cotton Red, Basic Red2nin T, Gossypimine, Cotton Red, Basic Red2)
• Salicylhydroxamic acid  + ('''Salicylhydroxamic acid''' (SHAM; synony … '''Salicylhydroxamic acid''' (SHAM; synonym: 2-Hydroxybenzohydroxamic acid N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide) is an inhibitor of the [[alternative oxidase]] (AOX). When AOX is blocked by SHAM, electrons are forced through the CIII-cytochrome ''c'' oxidase pathway, allowing observation of the operation of the CIII-CIV pathway without AOX activity.the CIII-CIV pathway without AOX activity.)
• Sample mass concentration  + ('''Sample mass [[concentration]]''' is ''C''_{''m''_s} = ''m''_s·''V''^-1 [kg·m^-3].)
• Sample size  + ('''Sample size''' is an ambiguous term. (1 … '''Sample size''' is an ambiguous term. (1) Size can be measured as an extensive quantity in terms of [[mass]] ''m''_S [kg], [[volume]] ''V''_S [m³], or [[energy]] ''E''_S [J] of a pure [[sample]] S. If the sample consists of countable [[entity |entities]] ''X'', the [[count]] ''N''_''X'' [x] in sample S is an elementary quantity, in contrast to the extensive quantities used as indicators of sample size. (2) In statistics, however, the term 'sample size' does not refer to the individual sample, but indicates on the contrary the number of samples investigated or sampled from a study group. ''N'' is the number of [[sample]]s collected and assayed to obtain representative statistical information on the [[population]]. The population size defines the upper limit of the statistical sample size.[[population]]. The population size defines the upper limit of the statistical sample size.)

• Saponin  + ('''Saponin''' is a mild detergent that [[Permeabilization of plasma membrane|permeabilizes plasma membranes]] … '''Saponin''' is a mild detergent that [[Permeabilization of plasma membrane|permeabilizes plasma membranes]] completely and selectively due to their high cholesterol content, whereas mt-membranes with lower cholesterol content are affected only at higher concentrations. Applied for [[Permeabilized tissue or cells|permeabilization of muscle fibres]].[[Permeabilized tissue or cells|permeabilization of muscle fibres]].)
• Save and Disconnect  + ('''Save and Disconnect''': Stops data acquisition and disconnects from the O2k (only for DatLab 7))
• Save as - DatLab  + ('''Save as''' a DatLab file. When disconnected from the O2k, save the file under a different file name, optionally in a different directory.)
• Save - DatLab  + ('''Save''' a DatLab file. When disconnecte … '''Save''' a DatLab file. When disconnected from the O2k, save any changes made under the identical file name overwriting the previous file. Such changes do not affect the raw data of the experiment, but relate to calibrations, experimental protocol, marks, events, and layout.ental protocol, marks, events, and layout.)
• Scaling factor  + ('''Scaling factor''' determines the multiplication factor that is applied to the time derivative of the signal.)
• Scaling - DatLab  + ('''Scaling''' a graph in [[DatLab]] … '''Scaling''' a graph in [[DatLab]] provides flexibility to vary the display of the plots and create Graph layouts. It allows viewing a data plot in differently scaled graphs, zooming the signal and time scales, and scrolling along the axes of the graph provide maximum information on the current experiment. This does not influence the format of stored data. Different ranges for the axes change the appearance of data dramatically. It is highly recommended to use reference layouts. </br></br>»''Compare:'' [[Select plots - DatLab]].[Select plots - DatLab]].)
• Select O2k - DatLab  + ('''Select O2k - DatLab''')
• Selectivity  + ('''Selectivity''' is the ability of a sensor or method to quantify accurately and specifically the analyte or analytes in the presence of other compounds.)
• Semiquinone  + ('''Semiquinone''' is an unstable free radical derived either from the removal of one hydrogen atom with its electron from [[quinol]] (reduced form), or by the addition of a single hydrogen atom to a [[quinone]] (oxidized form).)
• Sensitivity  + ('''Sensitivity''' refers to the response obtained for a given amount of analyte and is often denoted by two factors: the limit of detection and the limit of quantification.)
• Serial port  + ('''Serial port''' describes the connection … '''Serial port''' describes the connection between O2k and Computer. </br>With the [[USB-Cable 2.0\Type A-B]] connected, select '''Serial port''' in the [[Connection window]]. Depending on the [[O2k series]], it is possible to connect with a '''Serial port''' or [[USB port]].[[USB port]].)
• Shredder-Accessory Box  + ('''Shredder-Accessory Box''': for storage and shipping of Shredder accessories.)
• Sirtuins  + ('''Sirtuins''' are NAD<sup>+</sup … '''Sirtuins''' are NAD⁺-dependent deacetylases which play a prominent role as metabolic regulators. Their dependence on intracellular levels of NAD⁺ (NAD⁺ activates sirtuin activity, whereas NADH inhibits it) makes them suitable as sensors that can detect cellular energy status.</br>[[Sirtuins#Sirtuin_family |» '''MiPNet article''']][[Sirtuins#Sirtuin_family |» '''MiPNet article''']])
• Azide  + ('''Sodium azide''' is an inhibitor of [[Complex IV]]/cytochrome ''c'' oxidase (CIV, COX, CcO).)
• Sodium fluoride  + ('''Sodium fluoride (NaF)''' is used in combination with [[beryllium sulfate]] to form beryllium trifluoride (BeF³⁻), to inhibit the [[ATP synthase]] if it is exposed by disruption of the mitochondrial membranes.)
• Sodium orthovanadate  + ('''Sodium vanadate (Na₃VO₄)''' is used as an ATPase inhibitor.)
• Specific quantity  + ('''Specific quantities''' are obtained whe … '''Specific quantities''' are obtained when the [[extensive quantity]] is divided by system size, in contrast to [[intensive quantity|intensive quantities]]. ''The adjective'' specific ''before the name of an extensive quantity is often used to mean divided by mass'' ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |Cohen et al 2008]]). A mass-specific quantity (''e.g.'', mass-specific flux is flow divided by mass of the system) is independent of the extent of non-interacting homogenous subsystems. If mass-specific oxygen flux is constant and independent of system size (expressed as mass), then there is no interaction between the subsystems. The well-established scaling law in respiratory physiology reveals a strong interaction of oxygen consumption and body mass by the fact that mass-specific basal metabolic rate (oxygen flux) does not increase proportionally and linearly with body mass. Maximum mass-specific oxygen flux, ''V''_O2max, is less mass-dependent across a large range of body mass of different mammalian species (Weibel and Hoppeler 2005).ifferent mammalian species (Weibel and Hoppeler 2005).)
• Spectrophotometry  + ('''Spectrophotometry''' is the use of a [[spectrophotometer]] … '''Spectrophotometry''' is the use of a [[spectrophotometer]] to measure the transmittance, reflectance or remittance of a material as a function of wavelength. See [[transmission spectrophotometry]], [[reflectance spectrophotometry]] and [[remission spectrophotometry]].[[remission spectrophotometry]].)
• Spectroscopy  + ('''Spectroscopy''' is a broader term than [[spectrophotometry]] in that it is concerned with the investigation and measurement of spectra produced when matter interacts with or emits any form electromagnetic radiation.)
• Speed  + ('''Speed''', ''v'' [m·s<sup>-1</s … '''Speed''', ''v'' [m·s^-1], is the [[distance]], ''s'' [m], covered by a particle per unit time, irrespective of geometrical direction in space. Therefore, speed is not a [[vector]], in contrast to [[velocity]].</br> ''v'' = d''s''/d''t'' [m·s^-1][velocity]]. ''v'' = d''s''/d''t'' [m·s^-1])
• Spermidine  + ('''Spermidine''' is a polycationic bioacti … '''Spermidine''' is a polycationic bioactive polyamine mainly found in wheat germ, soybean and various vegetables, involved in the regulation of mitophagy, cell growth and cell death. Like other caloric restriction mimetics, spermidine is effective in cardioprotection, neuroprotection and anticancer immunosuppression by preserving mitochondrial function and control of autophagy.ondrial function and control of autophagy.)
• Stability  + ('''Stability''' determines the accuracy of intensity and [[absorbance]] measurements as a function of time. Instability (see [[drift]] introduces systematic errors in the [[accuracy]] of [[fluorescence]] and [[absorbance]] measurements.)
• State 1  + ('''State 1''' is the first respiratory sta … '''State 1''' is the first respiratory state in an oxygraphic protocol described by [[Chance_1955_JBC-III|Chance and Williams (1955)]], when isolated mitochondria are added to mitochondrial respiration medium containing oxygen and inorganic phosphate, but no ADP and no reduced respiratory substrates. In State 1, [[LEAK respiration]] may be supported to some extent by undefined endogenous substrates, which are oxidized and slowly exhausted. After oxidation of endogenous substrates, only residual oxygen consumption remains ([[ROX]]).[[ROX]]).)
• State 5  + ('''State 5''' is the [[respiratory state]] … '''State 5''' is the [[respiratory state]] obtained in a protocol with isolated mitochondria after a sequence of [[State 1]] to [[State 4]], when the concentration of O₂ is depleted in the closed oxygraph chamber and zero oxygen (the anaerobic state) is reached ([[Chance 1955 JBC-III|Chance and Williams, 1955]]; Table I).</br></br>State 5 is defined in the original publication in two ways: ''State 5 may be obtained by antimycin A treatment or by anaerobiosis'' (Chance and Williams, 1955; page 414). [[Antimycin A]] treatment yields a State 5 equivalent to a state for measurement of [[residual oxygen consumption]], ROX (which may also be induced by [[rotenone]]+[[myxothiazol]]; [[Gnaiger 2009 Int J Biochem Cell Biol|Gnaiger 2009]]). Setting State 5 equivalent to ROX or anoxia (Chance and Williams 1955) can be rationalized only in the context of measurement of cytochrome redox states, whereas in the context of respiration State 5 is usually referred to as [[anoxic]].[[anoxic]].)
• Stirrer power  + ('''Stirrer power''' is switched on and off during operation of the [[Oroboros O2k]] in [[DatLab]] by pressing [F11] (left chamber) and [F12] (right chamber), respectively. This is functional only with a stirrer bar added to each O2k chamber.)