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List of results

• Rotenone  + ('''Rotenone''' is an inhibitor of [[Complex I]] (CI) and thus inhibits NADH oxidation. It inhibits the transfer of electrons from iron-sulfur clusters in CI to ubiquinone via binding to the ubiquinone binding site of CI. See also [[Succinate pathway]].)
• Ruthenium red  + ('''Ruthenium red''' (synonym: ammoniated r … '''Ruthenium red''' (synonym: ammoniated ruthenium oxychloride) inhibits the mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uniporter. However, in addition it has been shown to interact with and inhibit a large number of other proteins, including ion channels particularly of the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV) family [1], Ca²⁺-ATPases, and, importantly, the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) [2]. and, importantly, the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) [2].)
• SF6847  + ('''SF6847''' (C₁₈H& … '''SF6847''' (C₁₈H₂₂N_2O), also known as tyrphostin A9 or malonoben, is a protonophore and a very potent [[uncoupler]] of [[oxidative phosphorylation]], being used in the nM range. Like all uncouplers, SF6847 concentrations must be titrated carefully to evaluate the [[Uncoupler#Optimum_uncoupler_concentration|optimum concentration]] for maximum stimulation of mitochondrial respiration, particularly to avoid inhibition of respiration at higher concentrations.ion, particularly to avoid inhibition of respiration at higher concentrations.)
• SGp-pathway control state  + ('''SGp''': [[Succinate]] & [[Glycerophosphate]]. '''MitoPathway control state:''' SGp; obtained with OctPGMSGp(Rot) '''SUIT protocol:''' [[SUIT-001]] and ((SUIT-002)
• SUIT  + ('''SUIT''' is the abbreviation for '''S''' … '''SUIT''' is the abbreviation for '''S'''ubstrate-'''U'''ncoupler-'''I'''nhibitor '''T'''itration. SUIT protocols are used with mt-preparations to study respiratory control in a sequence of coupling and pathway control states induced by multiple titrations within a single experimental assay. These studies use biological samples economically to gain maximum information with a minimum amount of cells or tissue. with a minimum amount of cells or tissue.)
• Safranin  + ('''Safranin''' is one of the most establis … '''Safranin''' is one of the most established dyes for measuring [[mitochondrial membrane potential]] by [[fluorometry]]. It is an [[extrinsic fluorophores |extrinsic fluorophore]] with an excitation wavelength of 495 nm and emission wavelength of 587 nm. Safranin is a potent inhibitor of [[NADH electron transfer-pathway state |N-linked respiration]] and of the [[phosphorylation system]].</br></br>''Synonyms:'' Safranin O, Safranin Y, Safranin T, Gossypimine, Cotton Red, Basic Red2nin T, Gossypimine, Cotton Red, Basic Red2)
• Salicylhydroxamic acid  + ('''Salicylhydroxamic acid''' (SHAM; synony … '''Salicylhydroxamic acid''' (SHAM; synonym: 2-Hydroxybenzohydroxamic acid N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide) is an inhibitor of the [[alternative oxidase]] (AOX). When AOX is blocked by SHAM, electrons are forced through the CIII-cytochrome ''c'' oxidase pathway, allowing observation of the operation of the CIII-CIV pathway without AOX activity.the CIII-CIV pathway without AOX activity.)
• Sample mass concentration  + ('''Sample mass [[concentration]]''' is ''C''_{''m''_s} = ''m''_s·''V''^-1 [kg·m^-3].)
• Sample size  + ('''Sample size''' is an ambiguous term. (1 … '''Sample size''' is an ambiguous term. (1) Size can be measured as an extensive quantity in terms of [[mass]] ''m''_S [kg], [[volume]] ''V''_S [m³], or [[energy]] ''E''_S [J] of a pure [[sample]] S. If the sample consists of countable [[entity |entities]] ''X'', the [[count]] ''N''_''X'' [x] in sample S is an elementary quantity, in contrast to the extensive quantities used as indicators of sample size. (2) In statistics, however, the term 'sample size' does not refer to the individual sample, but indicates on the contrary the number of samples investigated or sampled from a study group. ''N'' is the number of [[sample]]s collected and assayed to obtain representative statistical information on the [[population]]. The population size defines the upper limit of the statistical sample size.[[population]]. The population size defines the upper limit of the statistical sample size.)
• Saponin  + ('''Saponin''' is a mild detergent that [[Permeabilization of plasma membrane|permeabilizes plasma membranes]] … '''Saponin''' is a mild detergent that [[Permeabilization of plasma membrane|permeabilizes plasma membranes]] completely and selectively due to their high cholesterol content, whereas mt-membranes with lower cholesterol content are affected only at higher concentrations. Applied for [[Permeabilized tissue or cells|permeabilization of muscle fibres]].[[Permeabilized tissue or cells|permeabilization of muscle fibres]].)
• Save and Disconnect  + ('''Save and Disconnect''': Stops data acquisition and disconnects from the O2k (only for DatLab 7))
• Save as - DatLab  + ('''Save as''' a DatLab file. When disconnected from the O2k, save the file under a different file name, optionally in a different directory.)
• Save - DatLab  + ('''Save''' a DatLab file. When disconnecte … '''Save''' a DatLab file. When disconnected from the O2k, save any changes made under the identical file name overwriting the previous file. Such changes do not affect the raw data of the experiment, but relate to calibrations, experimental protocol, marks, events, and layout.ental protocol, marks, events, and layout.)
• Scaling factor  + ('''Scaling factor''' determines the multiplication factor that is applied to the time derivative of the signal.)
• Scaling - DatLab  + ('''Scaling''' a graph in [[DatLab]] … '''Scaling''' a graph in [[DatLab]] provides flexibility to vary the display of the plots and create Graph layouts. It allows viewing a data plot in differently scaled graphs, zooming the signal and time scales, and scrolling along the axes of the graph provide maximum information on the current experiment. This does not influence the format of stored data. Different ranges for the axes change the appearance of data dramatically. It is highly recommended to use reference layouts. </br></br>»''Compare:'' [[Select plots - DatLab]].[Select plots - DatLab]].)
• Select O2k - DatLab  + ('''Select O2k - DatLab''')
• Selectivity  + ('''Selectivity''' is the ability of a sensor or method to quantify accurately and specifically the analyte or analytes in the presence of other compounds.)
• Semiquinone  + ('''Semiquinone''' is an unstable free radical derived either from the removal of one hydrogen atom with its electron from [[quinol]] (reduced form), or by the addition of a single hydrogen atom to a [[quinone]] (oxidized form).)
• Sensitivity  + ('''Sensitivity''' refers to the response obtained for a given amount of analyte and is often denoted by two factors: the limit of detection and the limit of quantification.)
• Serial port  + ('''Serial port''' describes the connection … '''Serial port''' describes the connection between O2k and Computer. </br>With the [[USB-Cable 2.0\Type A-B]] connected, select '''Serial port''' in the [[Connection window]]. Depending on the [[O2k series]], it is possible to connect with a '''Serial port''' or [[USB port]].[[USB port]].)
• Shredder-Accessory Box  + ('''Shredder-Accessory Box''': for storage and shipping of Shredder accessories.)
• Sirtuins  + ('''Sirtuins''' are NAD<sup>+</sup … '''Sirtuins''' are NAD⁺-dependent deacetylases which play a prominent role as metabolic regulators. Their dependence on intracellular levels of NAD⁺ (NAD⁺ activates sirtuin activity, whereas NADH inhibits it) makes them suitable as sensors that can detect cellular energy status.</br>[[Sirtuins#Sirtuin_family |» '''MiPNet article''']][[Sirtuins#Sirtuin_family |» '''MiPNet article''']])
• Azide  + ('''Sodium azide''' is an inhibitor of [[Complex IV]]/cytochrome ''c'' oxidase (CIV, COX, CcO).)
• Sodium fluoride  + ('''Sodium fluoride (NaF)''' is used in combination with [[beryllium sulfate]] to form beryllium trifluoride (BeF³⁻), to inhibit the [[ATP synthase]] if it is exposed by disruption of the mitochondrial membranes.)
• Sodium orthovanadate  + ('''Sodium vanadate (Na₃VO₄)''' is used as an ATPase inhibitor.)

• Specific quantity  + ('''Specific quantities''' are obtained whe … '''Specific quantities''' are obtained when the [[extensive quantity]] is divided by system size, in contrast to [[intensive quantity|intensive quantities]]. ''The adjective'' specific ''before the name of an extensive quantity is often used to mean divided by mass'' ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |Cohen et al 2008]]). A mass-specific quantity (''e.g.'', mass-specific flux is flow divided by mass of the system) is independent of the extent of non-interacting homogenous subsystems. If mass-specific oxygen flux is constant and independent of system size (expressed as mass), then there is no interaction between the subsystems. The well-established scaling law in respiratory physiology reveals a strong interaction of oxygen consumption and body mass by the fact that mass-specific basal metabolic rate (oxygen flux) does not increase proportionally and linearly with body mass. Maximum mass-specific oxygen flux, ''V''_O2max, is less mass-dependent across a large range of body mass of different mammalian species (Weibel and Hoppeler 2005).ifferent mammalian species (Weibel and Hoppeler 2005).)
• Spectrophotometry  + ('''Spectrophotometry''' is the use of a [[spectrophotometer]] … '''Spectrophotometry''' is the use of a [[spectrophotometer]] to measure the transmittance, reflectance or remittance of a material as a function of wavelength. See [[transmission spectrophotometry]], [[reflectance spectrophotometry]] and [[remission spectrophotometry]].[[remission spectrophotometry]].)
• Spectroscopy  + ('''Spectroscopy''' is a broader term than [[spectrophotometry]] in that it is concerned with the investigation and measurement of spectra produced when matter interacts with or emits any form electromagnetic radiation.)
• Speed  + ('''Speed''', ''v'' [m·s<sup>-1</s … '''Speed''', ''v'' [m·s^-1], is the [[distance]], ''s'' [m], covered by a particle per unit time, irrespective of geometrical direction in space. Therefore, speed is not a [[vector]], in contrast to [[velocity]].</br> ''v'' = d''s''/d''t'' [m·s^-1][velocity]]. ''v'' = d''s''/d''t'' [m·s^-1])
• Spermidine  + ('''Spermidine''' is a polycationic bioacti … '''Spermidine''' is a polycationic bioactive polyamine mainly found in wheat germ, soybean and various vegetables, involved in the regulation of mitophagy, cell growth and cell death. Like other caloric restriction mimetics, spermidine is effective in cardioprotection, neuroprotection and anticancer immunosuppression by preserving mitochondrial function and control of autophagy.ondrial function and control of autophagy.)
• Stability  + ('''Stability''' determines the accuracy of intensity and [[absorbance]] measurements as a function of time. Instability (see [[drift]] introduces systematic errors in the [[accuracy]] of [[fluorescence]] and [[absorbance]] measurements.)
• State 1  + ('''State 1''' is the first respiratory sta … '''State 1''' is the first respiratory state in an oxygraphic protocol described by [[Chance_1955_JBC-III|Chance and Williams (1955)]], when isolated mitochondria are added to mitochondrial respiration medium containing oxygen and inorganic phosphate, but no ADP and no reduced respiratory substrates. In State 1, [[LEAK respiration]] may be supported to some extent by undefined endogenous substrates, which are oxidized and slowly exhausted. After oxidation of endogenous substrates, only residual oxygen consumption remains ([[ROX]]).[[ROX]]).)
• State 5  + ('''State 5''' is the [[respiratory state]] … '''State 5''' is the [[respiratory state]] obtained in a protocol with isolated mitochondria after a sequence of [[State 1]] to [[State 4]], when the concentration of O₂ is depleted in the closed oxygraph chamber and zero oxygen (the anaerobic state) is reached ([[Chance 1955 JBC-III|Chance and Williams, 1955]]; Table I).</br></br>State 5 is defined in the original publication in two ways: ''State 5 may be obtained by antimycin A treatment or by anaerobiosis'' (Chance and Williams, 1955; page 414). [[Antimycin A]] treatment yields a State 5 equivalent to a state for measurement of [[residual oxygen consumption]], ROX (which may also be induced by [[rotenone]]+[[myxothiazol]]; [[Gnaiger 2009 Int J Biochem Cell Biol|Gnaiger 2009]]). Setting State 5 equivalent to ROX or anoxia (Chance and Williams 1955) can be rationalized only in the context of measurement of cytochrome redox states, whereas in the context of respiration State 5 is usually referred to as [[anoxic]].[[anoxic]].)
• Stirrer power  + ('''Stirrer power''' is switched on and off during operation of the [[Oroboros O2k]] in [[DatLab]] by pressing [F11] (left chamber) and [F12] (right chamber), respectively. This is functional only with a stirrer bar added to each O2k chamber.)
• Stopper-Shaft conical\white PVDF\central Port  + ('''Stopper-Shaft conical\white [[PVDF]] … '''Stopper-Shaft conical\white [[PVDF]]\central Port''': PVDF shaft with one central capillary and conical base, receptacle on the top for collecting excess medium during closing the O2k-Chamber and during titration; component of [[Stopper\white PVDF\conical Shaft\central Port]].</br></br>'''Discontinued'''[[Stopper\white PVDF\conical Shaft\central Port]]. '''Discontinued''')
• Stray light  + ('''Stray light''' is defined as the detect … '''Stray light''' is defined as the detected light of any wavelength that lies outside the [[bandwidth]] of the selected wavelength. In the presence of '''stray light''' of intensity ''I''_''s'', the equation for [[transmittance]] (''T'') becomes ''T'' = (''I'' + ''I''_''s'')/(''I''_''0'' + ''I''_''s'') where ''I''_''0'' is the incident light intensity and ''I'' is the transmitted light intensity. Clearly, the lower the value of ''I'', the more dominant becomes the '''stray light''' term and so can cause errors in the quantification of low [[fluorescence]] signals or at high levels of [[absorbance]].[[absorbance]].)
• Strobilurin  + ('''Strobilurin''': {''Quote''} Strobilurin … '''Strobilurin''': {''Quote''} Strobilurins are a group of chemical compounds used in agriculture as fungicides. They are part of the larger group of QoI inhibitors, which act to inhibit {''end of Quote'': [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobilurin]} respiratory [[Complex III]].[[Complex III]].)
• Submitochondrial particles  + ('''Submitochondrial particles''' (smtp) co … '''Submitochondrial particles''' (smtp) consist of membrane fragments which retain most of the enzymatic machinery required in electron transfer and [[oxidative phosphorylation]]. Such membrane fragments are continuous closed vesicles formed by resealing of mt-membrane fragments after disruption of the mitochondrial structure. smtp are used to isolate the inner-[[membrane-bound ET pathway]] (mETS) from the upstream modules of the [[Electron transfer pathway]] (ETS) which are located in the mt-matrix and outer mt-membrane (transporters). smtp are obtained by treatment of mitochondria with membrane-dispersing agents such as digitonin at high concentration or by sonic irradiation.igh concentration or by sonic irradiation.)
• Subsample  + ('''Subsamples''' can be obtained (1) from … '''Subsamples''' can be obtained (1) from a homogenous [[sample]] (e.g. cell suspension, tissue homogenate, isolated mitochondria), (2) as subsamples obtained by splitting a sample into comparable parts (e.g. permeabilized muscle fibres from a biopsy split into different chambers for repeated measurements), or (3) repetitive sampling (e.g. taking multiple biopsies) at a single time point. Subsamples may be used for (i) application of different types of [[assay]] (e.g. for measurement of respiration and enzyme activities), and (ii) a number of [[repetitions]], ''n'', of the same assay on the same sample.n'', of the same assay on the same sample.)
• Subscripts in physical chemistry  + ('''Subscripts in physical chemistry''' are … '''Subscripts in physical chemistry''' are used to differentiate symbols of different quantities. While these subscripts need to be short to be readable, they have to be distinct and well defined. Several subscripts relate to fundamental terms and concepts, summarized in a list below. and concepts, summarized in a list below.)
• Pathway control ratio  + ('''Substrate control ratios''' are [[flux control ratio]] … '''Substrate control ratios''' are [[flux control ratio]]s ''FCR'', at a constant mitochondrial [[coupling-control state]]. Whereas there are only three well-defined coupling-control states of mitochondrial respiration, ''L'', ''P'', ''E'' ([[LEAK respiration]], [[OXPHOS]], [[Electron transfer pathway]]), numerous [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s are possible. </br></br>Careful selection of the reference state, ''J''_ref, is required, for which some guidelines may be provided without the possibility to formulate general rules. ''FCR'' are best defined by taking ''J''_ref as the maximum flux (e.g. [[NS |NS_''E'']]), such that flux in various other respiratory states, ''J_i'', is smaller or equal to ''J''_ref. However, this is not generally possible with ''FCR''. For instance, the [[N/S pathway control ratio]] (at constant coupling-control state) may be larger or smaller than 1.0, depending on the mitochondrial source and various mitochondrial injuries. The [[S-pathway control state]] may be selected preferentially as ''J''_ref, if mitochondria with variable [[N]]-linked injuries are studied. In contrast, the [[reference state]], ''Z'', is strictly defined for [[flux control efficiency]].[[flux control efficiency]].)
• Succinate dehydrogenase  + ('''Succinate dehydrogenase''' is a [[TCA cycle]] … '''Succinate dehydrogenase''' is a [[TCA cycle]] enzyme converting [[succinate]] to [[fumarate]] while reducing FAD to FADH₂. SDH is the largest component of the mt-inner membrane [[Complex II]] (CII) and thus part of the TCA cycle and [[electron transfer pathway]].[[electron transfer pathway]].)
• Succinyl-CoA ligase  + ('''Succinyl-CoA ligase''' (SUCLA or SUCLG) … '''Succinyl-CoA ligase''' (SUCLA or SUCLG) is a TCA cycle enzyme converting succinyl-CoA + ADP or (GDP) + Pi to [[succinate]] + ATP (GTP). Two different isoforms exsist: SUCLA (EC: 6.2.1.5) is the ATP-forming isoenzyme, SUCLG (EC: 6.2.1.4) is the GTP-forming isoenzyme. Both reactions are reversible. This reaction is attributed to mitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation, which is considered as an alternative way of ATP synthesis because it is partially independent from the respiratory chain and from the mitochondrial proton motive force.rom the mitochondrial proton motive force.)
• Sulfide quinone reductase  + ('''Sulfide quinone reductase''' (SQR) is i … '''Sulfide quinone reductase''' (SQR) is involved in electron transfer from sulfide which is used as a hydrogen donor by the mitochondrial respiratory system. SQR is associated with a [[dioxygenase]] and a [[sulfur transferase]] to release thiosulfate (H₂S₂O₃).(H₂S₂O₃).)
• Sulfite oxidase  + ('''Sulfite oxidase''' (SO) is a dimeric en … '''Sulfite oxidase''' (SO) is a dimeric enzyme, located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria, with each monomer containing a single Mo cofactor and cyt b5-type heme [1]. SO catalyzes the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate as the terminal step in the metabolism of sulfur amino acids and is vital for human health. Inherited mutations in SO result in severe neurological problems, stunted brain growth, and early death [2]. </br></br>Function: SO catalyzes the terminal reaction in the oxidative degradation of sulfur amino acids with the formation of a sulfate, electrons pass to cytochrom ''c'' and are further utilized in the respiratory system.</br></br>Sulfite + O₂ + H₂O --> Sulfate + H₂O₂ </br></br>Localization: The level of expression of SO differs in various tissues with main predominant localization in liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart, placenta, and brain in humans and liver, kidney, heart, brain, and lung in rats [3]. </br></br>Deficiency: SO is vital for metabolic pathways of sulfur amino acids (cysteine and methionine). Complete lack of this enzyme, typically caused by gene mutation, leads to lethal disease called sulfite oxidase deficiency characterized by neurological abnormalities with brain atrophy.ed sulfite oxidase deficiency characterized by neurological abnormalities with brain atrophy.)
• Synchronous time axes  + ('''Synchronous time axes''' sets, if ticked, the time axes of all graphs at an identical range and offset, which is particularly useful while panning.)
• T-Shirt: Oroboros black/organic cotton  + ('''T-Shirt Oroboros black/organic cotton''': An Oroboros on the front.)
• TIP2k and O2k-upgrade\B  + ('''TIP2k and O2k-Upgrade\B''': Titration-Injection microPump TIP2k, including the electronic upgrade of the O2k-main unit returned to workshop (Series B-D). '''Discontinued''')
• TIP2k cooling box  + ('''TIP2k-Cooling Box''': Cooling box for TIP2k syringes. '''Discontinued''')
• TIP2k-Needle Safety Support  + ('''TIP2k-Needle Safety Support''': for safe storage of TIP2k-needles when not required during the experiment. This item is a standard component of the [[TIP2k-Module]].)