Search by property

This page provides a simple browsing interface for finding entities described by a property and a named value. Other available search interfaces include the page property search, and the ask query builder.

List of results

• NS-N pathway control efficiency  + (The '''NS-N [[pathway control efficiency]]''', ''j''_NS-N = 1-N/NS, expresses the fractional change of flux when succinate is added to the [[N-pathway control state]] in a defined [[coupling-control state]].)
• NS-S pathway control efficiency  + (The '''NS-S pathway control efficiency''' … The '''NS-S pathway control efficiency''' expresses the relative stimulation of succinate supported respiration (S) by NADH-linked substrates (N), with the [[S-pathway control state]] as the [[background state]] and the [[NS-pathway control state]] as the [[reference state]]. In typical [[SUIT protocol]]s with [[Electron-transfer-pathway state |type N and S substrates]], flux in the [[NS-pathway control state]] NS is inhibited by [[rotenone]] to measure flux in the [[S-pathway control state]], S(Rot) or S. Then the NS-S pathway control efficiency in the ET-coupling state is</br> ''j''_{(NS-S)''_E''} = (NS''_E''-S''_E'')/NS''_E''</br>The NS-S pathway control efficiency expresses the fractional change of flux in a defined [[coupling-control state]] when inhibition by [[rotenone]] is removed from flux under S-pathway control in the presence of a type N substrate combination. Experimentally rotenone Rot is added to the NS-state. The reversed protocol, adding N-substrates to a S-pathway control background does not provide a valid estimation of S-respiration with succinate in the absence of Rot, since [[oxaloacetate]] accumulates as a potent inhibitor of [[succinate dehydrogenase]] CII.[[succinate dehydrogenase]] CII.)
• O2k signal line  + (The '''O2k signal line''' is underneath th … The '''O2k signal line''' is underneath the [[O2k status line]]. It shows, depending on the [[O2k series]], on the left side the O2k number, the time of the experiment, the oxygen raw signal of each chamber, the [[block temperature]], the [[barometric pressure]], the Peltier power, the recorded amperometric and potentiometric raw signal, the enviromental (room) temperature and the signal from internal sensors recording the humidity and temperature of the electronics. On the right side of the O2k signal line the current [[User code - DatLab|user]], the DatLab version and the [[O2k serial number]] are displayed.[[O2k serial number]] are displayed.)
• O2k-Accessory Box  + (The '''O2k-Accessory Box''' contains components of the [[POS-Service Kit]] and the [[O2k-Assembly Kit]] and is shipped with the O2k.)
• O2k-Assembly Kit  + (The '''O2k-Assembly Kit''' is a component … The '''O2k-Assembly Kit''' is a component of the [[Oroboros O2k]], consisting of 2 [[Stirrer-Bar\white PVDF\15x6 mm|PVDF Stirrer-Bars]], 2 [[PEEK]] O2k-Stoppers, [[OroboPOS-Connector]]s for O2k-series A-I and NextGen-O2k series XA (attached to the [[O2k-Main Unit]]) and cables (power supply, USB-connection). Several components of the O2k-Assembly Kit are included in the [[O2k-Accessory Box]] either for shipment or for storage.[[O2k-Accessory Box]] either for shipment or for storage.)
• O2k-Fluo Smart-Module  + (The '''O2k-Fluo Smart-Module''' is an ampe … The '''O2k-Fluo Smart-Module''' is an amperometric add-on module to the [[Startup_O2k-Respirometer| O2k-Respirometer]], adding a new dimension to high-resolution respirometry. Optical sensors are inserted through the front window of the O2k-glass chambers, for measurement of hydrogen peroxide production (Amplex® UltraRed), ATP production (Magnesium Green™), mt-membrane potential (Safranin, TMRM), Ca²⁺ (Calcium Green™), and numerous other applications open for O2k-user innovation. </br></br>::: » [[MiPNet28.09 O2k-Fluo Smart-Module manual]]et28.09 O2k-Fluo Smart-Module manual]])
• O2k-Main Basic  + (The '''O2k-Main Basic''' is an integral el … The '''O2k-Main Basic''' is an integral element of the [[O2k-Main Unit]]. The Oroboros O2k Main Basic has the following components:</br>*Stainless-Steel Housing</br>*Switching power supply</br>*Microprocessor for integrated control, A/D converters and data handling</br>*Copper-Block with windows to 2 O2k-Chambers</br>*2 Amperometric OroboPOS Plugs</br>*TIP2k socket, providing the basis for add-on of the [[TIP2k]]</br>*2 Potentiometric Plugs for ion sensitive electrodes (ISE: TPP+, Ca2+; pH), providing the basis for add-on of the [[O2k-MultiSensor]] Modules</br>*2 Amperometric Plugs, providing the basis for add-on of the [[O2k-Fluo LED2-Module]] or NO (H₂S) sensors.</br>*USB-Port for connection with DatLab (PC or laptop not included)for connection with DatLab (PC or laptop not included))
• O2k-Main Unit  + (The '''O2k-Main Unit''' is a component of … The '''O2k-Main Unit''' is a component of the [[O2k-Core]]. The O2k-Main Unit consists of functionally defined, integral elements, the ([[O2k-Main Basic]], [[O2k-Peltier Temperature Control]], two [[O2k-Electromagnetic Stirrer Twin-Control]] units, two [[O2k-Amperometric OroboPOS Twin-Channel]]s, [[O2k-Barometric Pressure Transducer]]), which cannot be obtained separately.[[O2k-Barometric Pressure Transducer]]), which cannot be obtained separately.)
• O2k chamber volume calibration  + (The '''O2k-chamber volume calibration''' has to be done before getting started with the [[Oroboros O2k]] to guarantee a standard [[chamber volume]] of 2.0 mL.)
• O2k-ticket system  + (The '''O2k-ticket system''' is a customer … The '''O2k-ticket system''' is a customer support platform based on Zammad. This system automatically attributes an unique Ticket number (which is visible on the subject of your e-mail) to each received customer inquiry. For an easy follow-up, all the related correspondence is collected under this Ticket number. </br></br>* Contact us: '''[email protected]'''</br></br>In order to provide a helpful and reliable support regarding your O2k/equipment, we suggest to include in your inquiries:</br></br>* your affiliation and your O2k-serial number - ''See'': [[O2k_series]]</br></br>* DLD file(s) with your reported issue accompanied by a brief explanation. issue accompanied by a brief explanation.)
• Oxygen sensor test  + (The '''O₂ sensor te … The '''O₂ sensor test''' is an important component of [[MitoPedia: Oroboros QM |Oroboros Quality Management]]. The [[OroboPOS]] test is described in detail in [[MiPNet06.03 POS-calibration-SOP]], is performed after switching on the [[Oroboros O2k]], and is required as a basis of technical service of the instrument.red as a basis of technical service of the instrument.)
• OXPHOS International  + (The '''OXPHOS International''' web portal is a repository of information useful to scholars studying mitochondria. The site is operated as a private "special interests" community hub.)
• Oroboros USB-flash drive  + (The '''Oroboros USB-flash drive''' is deli … The '''Oroboros USB-flash drive''' is delivered with the [[Oroboros O2k]]. Copy the folder "Oroboros O2k-Course on HRR" from the '''Oroboros USB-flash drive''' to your computer. This folder contains the DatLab installation program as well as tools to find topics, O2k-manuals and O2k-protocols with corresponding DatLab demo files and templates for training with [[DatLab]].[[DatLab]].)
• Q-redox state  + (The '''Q-redox state''' reflects the redox … The '''Q-redox state''' reflects the redox status of the [[Q-junction]] in the mitochondrial or chloroplast [[ETS|electron transfer system (ETS)]]. [[Coenzyme Q]] (CoQ or Q, [[ubiquinone]]) is a mobile redox component located centrally in the mitochondrial [[ETS]], while plastoquinones are essential mobile components in the photosynthetic system with a similar function. The Q-redox state depends on the balance between reducing capacities of convergent electron entries from fuel substrates into the Q-junction and oxidative capacities downstream of Q to the electron acceptor oxygen. Therefore, deficiencies in the mitochondrial [[ETS]], originating from e.g. the malfunction of respiratory Complexes, can be detected by measuring the changes of the Q-redox state with respect to the respiratory activity.</br></br>A three-electrode system was implemented into the NextGen-O2k to monitor the Q-redox state continuously and simultaneously with respiratory oxygen consumption. Added CoQ2 reflects the mitochondrial Q-redox state when equilibrating both with the detecting electrode and the biological sites (e.g. Complexes I, II and III).ical sites (e.g. Complexes I, II and III).)
• S/NS pathway control ratio  + (The '''S/NS [[pathway control ratio]] … The '''S/NS [[pathway control ratio]]''' is obtained when [[rotenone]] (Rot) is added to the [[NS-pathway control state]] in a defined [[coupling control state]]. The reversed protocol, adding N-type substrates to a [[S-pathway control state]] as the [[background state]] does not provide a valid estimation of S-linked respiration with succinate in the absence of Rot, since [[oxaloacetate]] accumulates as a potent inhibitor of [[succinate dehydrogenase]] (CII).[[succinate dehydrogenase]] (CII).)
• SUIT protocol pattern  + (The '''SUIT protocol pattern''' describes the type of the sequence of coupling and substrate control steps in a SUIT protocol, which may be liner, orthogonal, or diametral.)
• Science Citation Index  + (The '''Science Citation Index''' SCI offers bibliographical access to a curated collection of journals across 178 scientific disciplines. The SCI provides gold-standard lists of established journals.)
• SUIT protocol library  + (The '''Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titra … The '''Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration (SUIT) protocol library''' contains a sequential list of SUIT protocols (D001, D002, ..) with links to the specific SUIT pages. Classes of [[SUIT|SUIT protocols]] are explained with coupling and substrate control defined for [[mitochondrial preparations]].[[mitochondrial preparations]].)
• Taiwan Society for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine  + (The '''Taiwan Society for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine''' (TSMRM) is a member of [[Asian Society for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine|ASMRM]].)
• USB port  + (The '''USB port''' describes the connection between O2k and Computer. With the USB cable connected, select '''USB port''' in the [[Connection window]]. Depending on the O2k series, it is possible to connect with a '''USB port''' or [[Serial port]].)
• Abscissa  + (The '''abscissa''' is the horizontal axis … The '''abscissa''' is the horizontal axis ''x'' of a rectangular two-dimensional graph with the [[ordinate]] ''y'' as the vertical axis. Values ''X'' are placed horizontally from the origin.</br></br>See [[Abscissal X/Y regression |Abscissal ''X''/''Y'' regression]].[[Abscissal X/Y regression |Abscissal ''X''/''Y'' regression]].)
• Accuracy  + (The '''accuracy''' of a method is the degree of agreement between an individual test result generated by the method and the true value.)
• Activity  + (The '''activity''' (relative activity) is … The '''activity''' (relative activity) is a dimensionless quantity related to the concentration or partial pressure of a dissolved substance. The activity of a dissolved substance B equals the [[concentration]], ''c''_B [mol·L^-1], at high dilution divided by the unit concentration, ''c''° = 1 mol·L^-1: </br> ''a''_B = ''c''_B/''c''°</br>This simple relationship applies frequently to substances at high dilutions <10 mmol·L^-1 (<10 mol·m^-3). In general, the concentration of a [[solute]] has to be corrected for the activity coefficient (concentration basis), ''γ''_B,</br> ''a''_B = ''γ''_B·''c''_B/''c''°</br>At high dilution, ''γ''_B = 1. In general, the relative activity is defined by the [[chemical potential]], ''µ''_B</br> ''a''_B = exp[(''µ''_B-''µ''°)/''RT'']potential]], ''µ''_B ''a''_B = exp[(''µ''_B-''µ''°)/''RT''])
• Adenine nucleotide translocase  + (The '''adenine nucleotide translocator''', … The '''adenine nucleotide translocator''', ANT, exchanges [[ADP]] for [[ATP]] in an electrogenic antiport across the inner mt-membrane. The ANT is inhibited by [[atractyloside]], [[carboxyatractyloside|carboxyatractyloside]] and [[bongkrekik acid]]. The ANT is a component of the [[phosphorylation system]].[[phosphorylation system]].)
• Advantage of preprints  + (The '''advantages of preprints''', the excitement and concerns about the role that preprints can play in disseminating research findings in the life sciences are discussed by N Bhalla (2016).)

• Aerobic  + (The '''aerobic''' state of metabolism is d … The '''aerobic''' state of metabolism is defined by the presence of oxygen (air) and therefore the potential for oxidative reactions (ox) to proceed, particularly in [[oxidative phosphorylation]] (OXPHOS). Aerobic metabolism (with involvement of oxygen) is contrasted with [[anaerobic]] metabolism (without involvement of oxygen): Whereas anaerobic ''metabolism'' may proceed in the absence or presence of oxygen (anoxic or oxic ''conditions''), aerobic ''metabolism'' is restricted to oxic ''conditions''. Below the [[critical oxygen pressure]], aerobic ATP production decreases.[[critical oxygen pressure]], aerobic ATP production decreases.)
• Amount of substance  + (The '''amount of substance''' ''n'' is a b … The '''amount of substance''' ''n'' is a base physical quantity, and the corresponding SI unit is the [[mole]] [mol]. Amount of substance (sometimes abbreviated as 'amount' or 'chemical amount') is proportional to the number ''N''_''X'' of specified elementary entities ''X'', and the universal proportionality constant is the reciprocal value of the [[Avogadro constant]] ([[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures_2019_The International System of Units (SI) |SI]]),</br> ''n''_''X'' = ''N''_''X''·''N''_A^-1</br></br>''n''_''X'' contained in a system can change due to internal and external transformations,</br> d''n''_''X'' = d_i''n''_''X'' + d_e''n''_''X''</br></br>In the absence of nuclear reactions, the amount of any atom is conserved, ''e.g.'', for carbon d_i''n''_C = 0. This is different for chemical substances or ionic species which are produced or consumed during the [[advancement]] of a reaction r, </br>:::: [[File:Amount dn.png|100px]]</br>A change in the amount of ''X''_''i'', d''n''_''i'', in an open system is due to both the internal formation in chemical transformations, d_r''n''_''i'', and the external transfer, d_e''n''_''i'', across the system boundaries. d''n''_''i'' is positive if ''X''_''i'' is formed as a product of the reaction within the system. d_e''n''_''i'' is negative if ''X''_''i'' flows out of the system and appears as a product in the surroundings ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book]]).[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book]]).)
• Amplitude  + (The '''amplitude''' of the [[absorbance spectrum]] … The '''amplitude''' of the [[absorbance spectrum]] can be described in terms of the [[absorbance]] differences between the characteristic peaks (absorbance maxima) and troughs (absorbance minima) (see [[absorbance spectrum]]) for substances present in the sample.[[absorbance spectrum]]) for substances present in the sample.)
• Background state  + (The '''background state''' Y (background r … The '''background state''' Y (background rate ''Y_X'') is the non-activated or inhibited respiratory state at background rate, which is low in relation to the higher rate ''Z_X'' in the [[reference state]] Z. The transition from the background state to the reference state is a step change. A [[metabolic control variable]] ''X'' (substrate, activator) is added to the background state to stimulate flux to the level of the reference state. Alternatively, the metabolic control variable ''X'' is an inhibitor, which is present in the background state Y, but absent in the reference state Z. The background state is the baseline of a single step in the definition of the [[flux control efficiency]]. In a sequence of step changes, the common [[baseline state]] is the state of lowest flux in relation to all steps, which can be used as a [[baseline correction]].[[baseline correction]].)
• Baseline state  + (The '''baseline state''' in a sequence of … The '''baseline state''' in a sequence of step changes is the state of lowest flux in relation to all steps, which can be used as a [[baseline correction]]. Correction for [[residual oxygen consumption]], ROX, is an example where ROX is the baseline state. In a single step, the baseline state is equivalent to the [[background state]].[[background state]].)
• Bias  + (The '''bias''' is defined as the difference between the mean of the measurements and the reference value. In general, the measuring instrument calibration procedures should focus on establishing and correcting it.)
• Block temperature  + (The '''block temperature''' of the [[Oroboros O2k]] is the continuously measured temperature of the copper block, housing the two glass chambers of the O2k. The block temperature is recorded by [[DatLab]] as one of the O2k system channels.)
• Body mass excess  + (The '''body mass excess''', BME, is an ind … The '''body mass excess''', BME, is an index of obesity and as such BME is a lifestyle metric. The BME is a measure of the extent to which your actual [[body mass]], ''M'' [kg/x], deviates from ''M''° [kg/x], which is the reference body mass [kg] per individual [x] without excess body fat in the [[healthy reference population]], HRP. A balanced BME is BME° = 0.0 with a band width of -0.1 towards underweight and +0.2 towards overweight. The BME is linearly related to the [[body fat excess]].body fat excess]].)
• Body mass index  + (The '''body mass index''', BMI, is the rat … The '''body mass index''', BMI, is the ratio of body mass to height squared (BMI=''M''·''H''^-2), recommended by the WHO as a general indicator of underweight (BMI<18.5 kg·m^-2), overweight (BMI>25 kg·m^-2) and obesity (BMI>30 kg·m^-2). Keys et al (1972; see 2014) emphasized that 'the prime criterion must be the relative independence of the index from height'. It is exactly the dependence of the BMI on height - from children to adults, women to men, Caucasians to Asians -, which requires adjustments of BMI-cutoff points. This deficiency is resolved by the [[body mass excess]] relative to the [[healthy reference population]].althy reference population]].)
• Body mass  + (The '''body mass''' ''M'' is the mass ([[kilogram]] … The '''body mass''' ''M'' is the mass ([[kilogram]] [kg]) of an individual (object) [x] and is expressed in units [kg/x]. Whereas the body weight changes as a function of gravitational force (you are weightless at zero gravity; your floating weight in water is different from your weight in air), your mass is independent of gravitational force, and it is the same in air and water.orce, and it is the same in air and water.)
• Bound energy  + (The '''bound energy''' change in a closed … The '''bound energy''' change in a closed system is that part of the ''total'' [[energy]] change that is always bound to an exchange of [[heat]],</br></br> d''B'' = d''U'' - d''A'' [Eq. 1]</br></br> ∆''B'' = ∆''H'' - ∆''G'' [Eq. 2]</br></br>The ''free'' energy change (Helmoltz or Gibbs; d''A'' or d''G'') is the ''total'' energy change (total inner energy or enthalpy, d''U'' or d''H'') of a system minus the ''bound'' energy change.</br></br>Therefore, if a process occurs at [[equilibrium]], when d''G'' = 0 (at constant gas pressure), then d''H'' = d''B'', and at d_e''W'' = 0 (d''H'' = d_e''Q'' + d_e''W''; see [[energy]]) we obtain the definition of the bound energy as the heat change taking place in an equilibrium process (eq),</br></br> d''B'' = ''T''∙d''S'' = d_e''Q''_eq [Eq. 3]rocess (eq), d''B'' = ''T''∙d''S'' = d_e''Q''_eq [Eq. 3])
• Cell count and normalization in HRR  + (The '''cell count''' ''N''_{ce< … The '''cell count''' ''N''_ce is the number of cells, expressed in the abstract [[unit]] [x] (1 Mx = 10⁶ x). The ''elementary entity'' cell ''U''_ce [x] is the real unit, the 'single individual cell'. A cell count is the multitude or number ''N'' of cells, ''N''_ce = ''N''·''U''_ce ([[Gnaiger MitoFit Preprints 2020.4]]). Normalization of respiratory rate by cell count yields oxygen [[flow]] ''I''_O₂ expressed in units [amol·s^-1·x^-1] (=10^-18 mol·s^-1·x^-1).gt;} expressed in units [amol·s^-1·x^-1] (=10^-18 mol·s^-1·x^-1).)
• Chamber volume  + (The '''chamber volume''' of the O2k is 2.0 … The '''chamber volume''' of the O2k is 2.0 mL or 0.5 mL of aqueous medium with or without sample, excluding the volume of the stirrer and the volume of the capillary of the stopper (see: [[Cell count and normalization in HRR]]). A modular extension of the O2k, the [[O2k-sV-Module]], was specifically developed to perform high-resolution respirometry with reduced amounts of biological sample, and all components necessary for the smaller operation volume of 0.5 mL.or the smaller operation volume of 0.5 mL.)
• Charge number  + (The '''charge number''' of an ion ''X'' or … The '''charge number''' of an ion ''X'' or electrochemical reaction with unit stoichiometric number of ''X'' is the [[particle charge]] [C·x^-1] divided by the [[elementary charge]] [C·x^-1]. The particle charge ''Q''_{<u>''N''</u>''X''} is the charge per count of ions ''X'' or per ion ''X'' transferred in the reaction as defined in the reaction equation.ns ''X'' or per ion ''X'' transferred in the reaction as defined in the reaction equation.)
• Chemical potential  + (The '''chemical potential''' of a substanc … The '''chemical potential''' of a substance B, ''µ''_B [J/mol], is the partial derivative of Gibbs energy, ''G'' [J], per amount of B, ''n''_B [mol], at constant temperature, pressure, and composition other than that of B,</br> ''µ''_B = (∂''G''/∂''n''_B)_{''T'',''p'',''n<small>j''≠B</small>}</br>The chemical potential of a [[solute]] in solution is the sum of the standard chemical potential under defined standard conditions and a concentration ([[activity]])-dependent term,</br> ''µ''_B = ''µ''_B° + ''RT'' ln(''a''_B)</br>The standard state for the solute is refered to ideal behaviour at standard concentration, ''c''° = 1 mol/L, exhibiting infinitely diluted solution behaviour [1]. ''µ''_B° equals the standard molar Gibbs energy of formation, Δ_f''G''_B° [kJ·mol^-1]. The formation process of B is the transformation of the pure constituent elements to one mole of substance B, with all substances in their standard state (the most stable form of the element at 100 kPa (1 bar) at the specified temperature) [2].on of the pure constituent elements to one mole of substance B, with all substances in their standard state (the most stable form of the element at 100 kPa (1 bar) at the specified temperature) [2].)
• Comparison of respirometric methods  + (The '''comparison of respirometric methods''' provides the basis to evaluate different instrumental platforms and different [[mitochondrial preparations]], as a guide to select the best approach and to critically evaluate published results.)
• Critical oxygen pressure  + (The '''critical oxygen pressure''', ''p''& … The '''critical oxygen pressure''', ''p''_c, is defined as the partial oxygen pressure, ''p''_O2, below which [[aerobic]] catabolism (respiration or oxygen consumption) declines significantly. If [[anaerobic]] catabolism is activated simultaneously to compensate for lower aerobic ATP generation, then the '''[[limiting oxygen pressure]]''', ''p''_l, is equal to the ''p''_c. In many cases, however, the ''p''_l is substantially lower than the ''p''_c.y cases, however, the ''p''_l is substantially lower than the ''p''_c.)
• Cytochrome c control efficiency  + (The '''cytochrome ''c'' control efficiency … The '''cytochrome ''c'' control efficiency''' expresses the control of respiration by externally added [[cytochrome c | cytochrome ''c'']], c, as a fractional change of flux from substrate state CHNO to CHNOc. These fluxes are corrected for ''Rox'' and may be measured in the OXPHOS state or ET state, but not in the LEAK state. In this [[flux control efficiency]], CHNOc is the [[reference state]] with stimulated flux; CHNO is the [[background state]] with CHNO substrates, upon which c is added:</br> ''j''_{cyt ''c''} = (''J''_CHNOc-''J''_CHNO)/''J''_CHNOc.>CHNOc</sub>-''J''_CHNO)/''J''_CHNOc.)
• Data recording interval  + (The '''data recording interval''' is the t … The '''data recording interval''' is the time interval at which data is sampled with an instrument. In [[DatLab]] the data recording interval is set in the [[O2k control]] window. The system default value is 2 s. A lower data recording interval is selected for kinetic experiments, and when the volume-specific oxygen flux is high (>300 pmol O₂·s^-1·ml^-1).<br/>Technically, the O2k instrument (hardware) measures the sensor signal every 10ms (which is NOT the „data recording interval“). By the given data recording interval from DatLab (software) a discrete number of sensor signal points are taken to calculate an average value in the O2k (e.g. a data recording interval of 2 s can take 200 sensor signal points; a data recording interval of 0.5 s can take 50 sensor signal points). This average value is sent to DatLab and is recorded as a raw data point. However, there is a defined threshold: the O2k does not apply more than 200 sensor signal points to calculate the average for the raw data point. For example a data recording interval of 3 s could take 300 sensor signal points but only the 200 most recent sensor signal points are used for averaging.signal points but only the 200 most recent sensor signal points are used for averaging.)
• Dicarboxylate carrier  + (The '''dicarboxylate carrier''' is a transporter which catalyses the electroneutral exchange of [[malate]]^2- (or [[succinate]]^2-) for inorganic [[phosphate]], HPO₄^2-.)
• Energy charge  + (The '''energy charge''' of the adenylate s … The '''energy charge''' of the adenylate system or adenylate energy charge (AEC) has been defined by Atkinson and Walton (1967) as (ATP + ½ ADP)/(AMP + ADP + ATP). Wheather the AEC is a fundamental metabolic control parameter remains a controversial topic.l parameter remains a controversial topic.)
• Ergodynamic efficiency  + (The '''ergodynamic efficiency''', ''ε'' (c … The '''ergodynamic efficiency''', ''ε'' (compare [[thermodynamic efficiency]]), is a power ratio between the output power and the (negative) input power of an energetically coupled process. Since [[power]] [W] is the product of a [[flow]] and the conjugated thermodynamic [[force]], the ergodynamic efficiency is the product of an output/input flow ratio and the corresponding force ratio. The efficiency is 0.0 in a fully uncoupled system (zero output flow) or at level flow (zero output force). The maximum efficiency of 1.0 can be reached only in a fully (mechanistically) coupled system at the limit of zero flow at ergodynamic equilibrium. The ergodynamic efficiency of coupling between ATP production (DT phosphorylation) and oxygen consumption is the flux ratio of DT phosphorylation flux and oxygen flux (P»/O₂ ratio) multiplied by the corresponding force ratio. Compare with the [[OXPHOS-coupling efficiency]].OXPHOS-coupling efficiency]].)
• Extinction coefficient  + (The '''extinction coefficient''' (''ε'') of a substance is the [[absorbance]] of a 1 µmolar concentration over a 1 cm pathlength and is wavelength-dependent.)
• Gain  + (The '''gain''' is an amplification factor applied to an input signal to increase the output signal.)
• Glutamate-aspartate carrier  + (The '''glutamate-aspartate carrier''' cata … The '''glutamate-aspartate carrier''' catalyzes the electrogenic antiport of glutamate^- +H⁺ for aspartate^-. It is an important component of the malate-aspartate shuttle in many mitochondria. Due to the symport of glutamate^- + +H⁺, the glutamate-aspartate antiport is not electroneutal and may be impaired by [[uncoupling]]. [[Aminooxyacetate]] is an [[inhibitor]] of the glutamate-aspartate carrier.[[inhibitor]] of the glutamate-aspartate carrier.)