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This page provides a simple browsing interface for finding entities described by a property and a named value. Other available search interfaces include the page property search, and the ask query builder.

List of results

Carnitine acyltransferase + ('''Carnitine acyltransferases''' mediate t … '''Carnitine acyltransferases''' mediate the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mt-membrane by binding them to carnitine. First, long-chain fatty acids are activated by an energy-requiring step in which the fatty acid ester of CoA is formed enzymatically at the expense of ATP. The fatty acids then pass through the inner mt-membrane and enter the mitochondria as carnitine esters ([[acylcarnitine]]s). The fatty acyl group is then transferred from carnitine to intramitochondrial CoA and the resulting fatty acyl CoA is used as a substrate in the fatty acid oxidation (FAO) cycle in the mt-matrix.id oxidation (FAO) cycle in the mt-matrix.)
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I + ('''Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I''' (CP … '''Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I''' (CPT-I, also known as carnitine acyltransferase I) is a regulatory enzyme in mitochondrial long-chain acyl-CoA uptake and further oxidation. CPT-I is associated with the mt-outer membrane mtOM and catalyses the formation of [[acylcarnitine]]s from acyl-CoA and L-carnitine. In the next step, acyl-carnitines are transported to the mitochondrial matrix via [[carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase]] in exchange for free [[carnitine]]. In the inner side of the mtIM [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase II]] converts the acyl-carnitines to carnitine and acyl-CoAs. There are three enzyme isoforms: CPT-1A (liver type), CPT-1B (muscle type), CPT-1C (brain type). Isoforms have significantly different kinetic and regulatory properties. Malonyl-CoA is an endogenous inhibitor of CPT-I.l-CoA is an endogenous inhibitor of CPT-I.)
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II + ('''Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II''' (C … '''Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II''' (CPT-II, also known as carnitine acyltransferase II) is part of the carnitine shuttle which is responsible for the mitochondrial transport of long-chain fatty acids. CPT-II is located on the inner side of the mtIM and converts the [[acylcarnitine]]s (produced in the reaction catalyzed by [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase I]]) to carnitine and acyl-CoAs, which undergo ß-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix. Free carnitines are transported out of the mitochondrial matrix in exchange for acyl-carnitines via an integral mtIM protein [[carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase]] (CACT). Short- and medium-chain fatty acids do not require the carnitine shuttle for mitochondrial transport.itine shuttle for mitochondrial transport.)
Carnitine + ('''Carnitine''' is an important factor for … '''Carnitine''' is an important factor for the transport of long-chain fatty acids bound to carnitine ([[carnitine acyltransferase]]) into the mitochondrial matrix for subsequent β-oxidation. There are two enantiomers: D- and L-carnitine. Only the L-isomer is physiologically active.ly the L-isomer is physiologically active.)
Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase + ('''Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase''' … '''Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase''' (CACT) is part of the carnitine shuttle which mediates the mitochondrial transport of long-chain fatty acids where the [[fatty acid oxidation]] occurs. CACT is an internal mt-IM protein and transports [[acylcarnitine]]s into the mitochondrial matrix in exchange for free [[carnitine]].[[carnitine]].)
Malate transport + ('''Carriers for malate: * [[dicarboxylate carrier]] * [[tricarboxylate carrier]] * [[2-oxoglutarate carrier]])
Catalase + ('''Catalase''' catalyzes the dismutation o … '''Catalase''' catalyzes the dismutation of [[hydrogen peroxide]] to water and [[oxygen]]. Perhaps all cells have catalase, but mitochondria of most cells lack catalase. Cardiac mitochondria are exceptional in having mt-catalase activity (rat heart mitochondria: Radi et al 1991; mouse heart mitochondria: Rindler et al 2013). [[Hydroxylamine]] is an inhibitor of catalase, which is also inhibited by [[cyanide]] and [[azide]].Mitochondrial respiration medium [[MiR05]] was developed considering the intracellular conditions of mitochondria in living cells. In mitochondrial preparations, enzymes and substrates present in the cytosol (such as catalase) are diluted when the plasma membrane is removed. Therefore, the addition of catalase is recommended when working with mitochondrial preparations, to consume any H2O2 generated during the assay.2O2 generated during the assay.)
Catalytic activity + ('''Catalytic activity''' of an enzyme is m … '''Catalytic activity''' of an enzyme is measured by an enzyme assay and is expressed in units of katal (kat [mol∙s-1]). More commonly (but not conforming to SI units or IUPAC recommendations) enzyme activity is expressed in units U [mol∙min-1].tivity is expressed in units U [mol∙min-1].)
Cell culture media + ('''Cell culture media''', like RPMI or DMEM, used for [[HRR]] of living cells.)
Cell respiration + ('''Cell respiration''' channels metabolic … '''Cell respiration''' channels metabolic fuels into the chemiosmotic coupling (bioenergetic) machinery of [[oxidative phosphorylation]], being regulated by and regulating oxygen consumption (or consumption of an alternative final electron acceptor) and molecular redox states, ion gradients, mitochondrial (or microbial) membrane potential, the phosphorylation state of the ATP system, and heat dissipation in response to intrinsic and extrinsic energy demands. See also [[respirometry]].In internal or '''cell respiration''' in contrast to [[fermentation]], redox balance is maintained by external electron acceptors, transported into the cell from the environment. The chemical potential between electron donors and electron acceptors drives the [[electron transfer pathway]], generating a chemiosmotic potential that in turn drives ATP synthesis.tential that in turn drives ATP synthesis.)
Charge + ('''Charge''' ''Q''el is the quantity of electricity expressed in the SI unit coulomb [C]. ''Q''el''X'' [C] indicates the charge carried by the quantity of a specified ion ''X''.)
Check for updates - DatLab + ('''Check for updates''': Frequently check … '''Check for updates''': Frequently check for updated DatLab 8 versions and follow the simple installation instruction if your computer running DatLab (Linux or Windows) is connected to internet. Alternatively, use a different computer connected to internet, download the [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/download-update-datlab-8-for-linux/ update for Linux], and transfer it to the computer operating DatLab by USB (e.g. the O2k integrated PC). More information: [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/product/datlab/ Oroboros Marketplace - DatLab]uct/datlab/ Oroboros Marketplace - DatLab])
Chinese numerals + ('''Chinese numerals''' The Arabic numeral … '''Chinese numerals'''The Arabic numeral system used today in China was introduced to China by the Europeans in the early 17th century. But the Chinese character-based number systems are still in use. The financial numerals are used only when writing an amount on a form for remitting money at a bank. They function as anti-fraud numerals. The character 零 (zero) appeared very early in ancient Chinese writing. However, at that time, it did not mean "nothing", but "bits and pieces", "not much". 一百零五(105) means in Chinese: In addition to a hundred, there is a fraction of five. With the introduction of the Arabic numerals, 105 is exactly pronounced “one hundred zero five”, the character 零 corresponds exactly to the symbol 0. Thus, the character 零has the meaning of 0. But the character 〇 was one of the Chinese characters created and promulgated by the only empress (with greater achievements than countless emperors) in the history of China in 690 AD (much later than the invention of 0 in India) for the purpose of demonstrating her power. At that time the character 〇 meant “star”, representing a round planet. It is now used as a synonym for the 零 (zero). planet. It is now used as a synonym for the 零 (zero).)
Chloroplasts + ('''Chloroplasts''' (Greek chloros: green; … '''Chloroplasts''' (Greek chloros: green; plastes: the one who forms) are small structures within the cells that conduct [[photosynthesis]]. They are a type of organelle called plastids that are present in eukaryotic plant cells (algae, aquatic and terrestrial plants) and characterized by having two membranes and a high concentration of the pigment Chlorophyll. Like [[mitochondria]], they originated through the endosymbiosis of a cyanobacteria by an early eukaryotic cell and they have their own DNA which replicates during cell division. In addition to photosynthesis, in their internal matrix called stroma they also carry out other metabolic functions within the plant cells such as fatty acid synthesis or amino acid synthesis.ty acid synthesis or amino acid synthesis.)
Choline dehydrogenase + ('''Choline dehydrogenase''' (EC 1.1.99.1) … '''Choline dehydrogenase''' (EC 1.1.99.1) is bound to the inner mt-membrane, oxidizes choline in kidney and liver mitochondria, with electron transfer into the [[Q-junction]], and is thus part of the [[Electron transfer pathway]]. Analogous to [[succinate dehydrogenase]] (CII), electron transfer from choline dehydrogenase is FAD-linked downstream to Q. Choline is an [[ET-pathway substrate types]] 3.[[ET-pathway substrate types]] 3.)
Citreoviridin + ('''Citreoviridin''' is an inhibitor of the [[ATP synthase]] which, differently from the FO subunit binding inhibitor oligmycin, binds to the F1 subunit of the ATP synthase.)
Coenzyme A + ('''Coenzyme A''' is a coenzyme playing an essential role in the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]] (oxidation of [[pyruvate]] to [[acetyl-CoA]]) and [[fatty acid oxidation]]. CoA is a thiol that reacts with carboxylic acids to form CoA-activated thioesters.)
Coenzyme Q + ('''Coenzyme Q''' or ubiquinone (2,3-dimeth … '''Coenzyme Q''' or ubiquinone (2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-polyprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone) was discovered in 1957 by the group of Crane. It is a lipid composed of a benzoquinone ring with an isoprenoid side chain, two methoxy groups and one methyl group. The length of the isoprenoid chain varies depending on the species; for example, six isoprenoid units (CoQ6) is the most commonly found CoQ in ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'', eight units in ''Escherichia coli'' (CoQ8), nine units in ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' and rodents (CoQ9), ten units in humans (CoQ10), and some species have more than one CoQ form, e.g. human and rodent mitochondria contain different proportions of CoQ9 and CoQ10. These redox compounds exist in three different forms: [[quinone]] (oxidized), [[quinol]] (reduced), and an intermediate [[semiquinone]].''More details'' » '''[[Q-junction]]'''[Q-junction]]''')
Comorbidity + ('''Comorbidities''' are common in obesogen … '''Comorbidities''' are common in obesogenic lifestyle-induced early aging. These are preventable, non-communicable diseases with strong associations to obesity. In many studies, cause and effect in the sequence of onset of comorbidities remain elusive. Chronic degenerative diseases are commonly obesity-induced. The search for the link between obesity and the etiology of diverse preventable diseases lead to the hypothesis, that mitochondrial dysfunction is the common mechanism, summarized in the term 'mitObesity'.nism, summarized in the term 'mitObesity'.)
Complex I + ('''Complex I''', '''NADH:ubiquinone oxidor … '''Complex I''', '''NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase''' (EC 1.6.5.3), is an enzyme complex of the [[Electron transfer pathway]], a [[proton pump]] across the inner mt-membrane, responsible for electron transfer to [[ubiquinone]] from [[NADH]] formed in the mt-matrix. CI forms a [[supercomplex]] with [[Complex III]]. There is a widespread ambiguity on the 'lonely H+ (the lonely [[hydron]])' surrounding Complex I: [[Ambiguity crisis - NAD and H+ |CI ambiguities]].[[Ambiguity crisis - NAD and H+ |CI ambiguities]].)
Complex III + ('''Complex III''' or coenzyme Q : cytochro … '''Complex III''' or coenzyme Q : cytochrome c - oxidoreductase, sometimes also called the cytochrome ''bc''1 complex is a complex of the [[electron transfer pathway]]. It catalyzes the reduction of cytochrome ''c'' by oxidation of [[coenzyme Q]] (CoQ) and the concomitant [[Proton pump|pumping of 4 protons]] from the cathodic (negative) mitochondrial matrix to the anodic (positive) intermembrane space.l matrix to the anodic (positive) intermembrane space.)
Complex IV + ('''Complex IV''' or '''cytochrome ''c'' ox … '''Complex IV''' or '''cytochrome ''c'' oxidase''' is the terminal oxidase of the mitochondrial [[electron transfer system]], reducing [[oxygen]] to [[water]], with reduced [[cytochrome c |cytochrome ''c'']] as a substrate. Concomitantly to that, CIV [[Proton pump|pumps protons]] against the electrochemical protonmotive force. CIV is frequently abbreviated as COX or CcO. It is the 'ferment' (Atmungsferment) of Otto Warburg, shown to be related to the cytochromes discovered by David Keilin.he cytochromes discovered by David Keilin.)
Ammonia solution concentrated + ('''Concentrated ammonia solution''' (25 % … '''Concentrated ammonia solution''' (25 % - 30 % ammonium hydroxide solution, ammonia) is used for the service of the polarographic oxygen sensor OroboPOS. After opening the commercial solution, the concentration of ammonia may decline during storage and may render the ammonia stock ineffective for sensor service.'''Source:''' A commercially available solution from a drugstore is sufficient for this cleaning purposere is sufficient for this cleaning purpose)
Concentration + ('''Concentration''' [mol·L-1< … '''Concentration''' [mol·L-1] is a volume-specific quantity for diluted [[sample]]s s. In a concentration, the sample is expressed in a variety of [[format]]s: [[count]], amount, [[charge]], [[mass]], [[energy]]. In solution chemistry, amount concentration is [[amount of substance]] ''n''B per volume ''V'' of the solution, ''c''B = [B] = ''n''B·''V''-1 [mol·dm-3] = [mol·L-1]. The standard concentration, ''c''°, is defined as 1 mol·L-1 = 1 M. [[Count]] concentration ''CX'' = ''NX''·''V''-1 [x·L-1] is the concentration of the number ''NX'' of elementary entities ''X'', for which the less appropriate term 'number concentration' is used by [[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |IUPAC]]. If the sample is expressed as volume ''V''s (''e.g.'', ''V''O2), then the 'volume-concentration' of ''V''s in ''V'' is termed '[[volume fraction]]', ''Φ''s = ''V''s·''V''-1 (''e.g.'', volume fraction of O2 in dry air, ''Φ''O2) = 0.20946). [[Density]] is the mass concentration in a volume ''V''S of pure sample S. A ''change'' of concentration, d''c''X, in isolated or closed [[system]]s at constant [[volume]] is due to internal transformations ([[advancement per volume]]) only. In closed compressible systems (with a gas phase), the concentration of the gas changes, when pressure-volume work is performed on the system. In open systems, a change of concentration can additionally be due to [[external flow]] across the system boundaries.flow]] across the system boundaries.)
Connect to O2k - DatLab 7 + ('''Connect to O2k''' connects DatLab with … '''Connect to O2k''' connects DatLab with the O2k. Select the [[USB port]] (or [[Serial port]]) with the corresponding cable connecting your PC to the O2k. Select the subdirectory for saving the [[DatLab data file| DLD file]]. Then data recording starts with experimental time set at zero.starts with experimental time set at zero.)
Coupled respiration + ('''Coupled respiration''' drives oxidative … '''Coupled respiration''' drives oxidative phosphorylation of the diphosphate [[ADP]] to the triphosphate [[ATP]], mediated by proton pumps across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Intrinsically [[uncoupled respiration]], in contrast, does not lead to phosphorylation of ADP, despite of protons being pumped across the inner mt-membrane. Coupled respiration, therefore, is the coupled part of respiratory oxygen flux that pumps the fraction of protons across the inner mt-membrane which is utilized by the phosphorylation system to produce ATP from ADP and Pi. In the OXPHOS state, mitochondria are in a partially coupled state, and the corresponding coupled respiration is the [[free OXPHOS capacity]]. In the state of ROUTINE respiration, coupled respiration is the [[free ROUTINE activity]].[[free ROUTINE activity]].)
Coupling-control efficiency + ('''Coupling-control efficiencies''' are [[flux control efficiency |flux control efficiencies]] ''jZ-Y'' at a constant [[ET-pathway competent state]].)
Coupling-control ratio + ('''Coupling-control ratios''' ''CCR'' are … '''Coupling-control ratios''' ''CCR'' are [[flux control ratio]]s ''FCR'' at a constant mitochondrial [[pathway-control state]]. In mitochondrial preparations, there are three well-defined coupling states of respiration: [[LEAK respiration]], [[OXPHOS]], and [[Electron transfer pathway |Electron-transfer-pathway state]] (ET state). In these states, the corresponding respirtory rates are symbolized as ''L'', ''P'', and ''E''. In living cells, the OXPHOS state cannot be induced, but in the [[ROUTINE]] state the respiration rate is ''R''. A reference rate ''Z'' is defined by taking ''Z'' as the maximum flux, i.e. flux ''E'' in the ET-state, such that the lower and upper limits of the ''CCR'' are defined as 0.0 and 1.0. Then there are two mitochondrial ''CCR'', [[L/E |''L/E'']] and [[P/E |''P/E'']], and two ''CCR'' for living cells, [[L/E |''L/E'']] and [[ROUTINE-control ratio |''R/E'']].[[ROUTINE-control ratio |''R/E'']].)
Coupling-control state + ('''Coupling-control states''' are defined … '''Coupling-control states''' are defined in [[mitochondrial preparations]] (isolated mitochondria, permeabilized cells, permeabilized tissues, homogenates) as [[LEAK respiration]], [[OXPHOS]], and [[ET-pathway |ET]] states, with corresponding respiration rates (''L, P, E'') in any [[electron-transfer-pathway state]] which is competent for electron transfer. These coupling states are induced by titration of ADP and uncouplers, and application of specific inhibitors of the [[phosphorylation pathway]]. In [[living cells]], the coupling-control states are [[LEAK respiration]], [[ROUTINE]], and [[ET pathway |ET]] states of respiration with corresponding rates ''L, R, E'', using membrane-permeable inhibitors of the [[phosphorylation system]] (e.g. [[oligomycin]]) and [[uncoupler]]s (e.g. [[CCCP]]). [[Coupling-control protocol]]s induce these coupling-control states sequentially at a constant [[electron-transfer-pathway state]].[[electron-transfer-pathway state]].)
Creatine + ('''Creatine''' is a nitrogenous organic acid that occurs naturally in vertebrates and helps primarily muscle cells to supply energy by increasing the formation of adenosine triphosphate ([[ATP]]).)
Curcumin + ('''Curcumin''' has been shown to possess s … '''Curcumin''' has been shown to possess significant anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, anti-coagulant and anti-infective effects. The protective effects of curcumin on rat heart mitochondrial injuries induced by in vitro anoxia–reoxygenation were evaluated by [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23984717 Xu et al 2013]. It was found that curcumin added before anoxia or immediately prior to reoxygenation exhibited remarkable protective effects against anoxia–reoxygenation induced oxidative damage to mitochondria. induced oxidative damage to mitochondria.)
Electric current + ('''Current''' or electric [[flow]] … '''Current''' or electric [[flow]] ''I''el is the [[advancement]] of [[charge]] per unit of time, expressed in the SI base unit [[ampere]] [C·s-1 = A]. Electrons or ions are the current-carrying [[motive entity |motive entities]] of electric flow. Electrons e- are negatively charged subatomic particles carrying 'negative electricity' with a mass that is about 1/1700 of the smallest particle — the proton — carrying 'positive electricity' (Thompson 1906). Correspondingly the [[velocity]] of electrons is much higher than that of protons or any other (larger) ion. Current is the velocity ''v'' of paticles times the number of motive charges. Therefore, electron current ''I''e- is of a different nature from electric current ''I''el''χ'' carried by all species ''i'' of ions ''Xi'' (cations and anions) summarized as ''χ'' = Σ(''zi''·''Xi''). Whereas ''I''e- is the net translocation of electrons moving forwards and backwards, ''I''el''χ'' is the net translocation of charges carried by different cations and anions. In contrast, ion current ''I''elX of a specific ion X is the partial translocation of charges carried by net translocation of ion X only. If cation current ''I''elX+ is antagonized entirely by counterion current ''I''elY- as the process of antiport, then the electric current ''I''el''χ'' is zero. The (net) electric current in a compartmental system is driven by the electric force Δel''F''p+ or electric potential difference Δ''Ψ''p+, whereas a compensated ion/counterion antiport current is insensitive to the electric potential difference.tal system is driven by the electric force Δel''F''p+ or electric potential difference Δ''Ψ''p+, whereas a compensated ion/counterion antiport current is insensitive to the electric potential difference.)
Cuvettes + ('''Cuvettes''' are used in [[fluorometry]] … '''Cuvettes''' are used in [[fluorometry]] and [[transmission spectrophotometry]] to contain the samples. Use of the term 'cells' for cuvettes is discouraged, to avoid confusion with 'living cells'. Traditionally cuvettes have a square cross-section (10 x 10 mm). For many applications they are made of transparent plastic. Glass cells are used where samples may contain plastic solvents, and for some applications requiring measurements below 300 nm, quartz glass or high purity fused silica cuvettes may be necessary.ty fused silica cuvettes may be necessary.)
Cyanide + ('''Cyanide''' (usually added as KCN) is a competitive inhibitor of [[Complex_IV| cytochcrome ''c'' oxidase (CIV)]]. Inhibition is reversed by pyruvate and high oxygen levels.)
Cyclic voltammetry - DatLab + ('''Cyclic voltammetry''')
Cyclic voltammetry + ('''Cyclic voltammetry''' (CV) is a type of … '''Cyclic voltammetry''' (CV) is a type of electrochemical measurement which is applied with the [[Q-Module]] as quality control to (''1'') determine the oxidation and reduction peak potentials of [[Coenzyme Q]] in the specific experimental condition, (2) check the quality of the [[Q-Sensor]], and (''3'') test the interference of chemicals used in the HRR assay with the Q-Sensor. In CV, the [[Q-Sensor]] with the [[three-electrode system]] is used to obtain information about the analyte ([[Coenzyme Q|CoQ]]) by measuring the current (''I'') as the electric potential (''V'') between two of the electrodes is varied. In CV the electric potential between the glassy carbon (GC) and the Ag/AgCl reference electrode changes linearly versus time in cyclical phases, while the current is detected between GC and platinum electrode (Pt). The detected current is plotted versus the applied voltage to obtain the typical cyclic voltammogram trace (Figure 1). The presence of substances that are oxidized/reduced will result in current between GC and Pt, which can be seen as characteristic peaks in the voltammogram at a defined potential. The oxidation or the reduction peak potential values are used to set the GC (integrated into the [[Q-Sensor]]) for a separate experiment to measure the [[Q redox state]] of a biological sample. The oxidation and reduction peak potentials can be influenced by 1) the respiration medium, 2) the type of [[Coenzyme Q | CoQ]], 3) the polarization window, 4) the scan speed, 5) the number of cycles, 6) the concentration of the analyte (CoQ), and 7) the initial polarization voltage. <be>:::-''See'': [[MiPNet24.12 NextGen-O2k: Q-Module]].:::::[[MiPNet24.16 DatLab8.0: CV-Module]][[MiPNet24.16 DatLab8.0: CV-Module]])
Cyclosporin A + ('''Cyclosporin A''' (CsA) is a cyclic unde … '''Cyclosporin A''' (CsA) is a cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi that binds the cyclophilin D and thus preventing the formation of the mitochondrial [[PTP|permeability transition pore]]. The interaction of CsA with the cyclophilin D is phosphate mediated but the full mechanism of interaction is not well understood. For example, the deficiency of cyclophilin D in KO models does not prevent mitochondria from permeability transition and from CsA inhibition. Moreover, it is also a is a calcineurin inhibitor and potent immunosuppressive agent used largely as a means of prophylaxis against cellular rejection after solid organ transplantation.jection after solid organ transplantation.)
Cytochrome c + ('''Cytochrome ''c''''' is a component of t … '''Cytochrome ''c''''' is a component of the Electron transfer-pathway ([[Electron transfer pathway]]) in mitochondria. It is a small heme protein loosely associated with the outer side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The heme group of cytochrome ''c'' transfers electrons from [[Complex III]] to [[Complex IV]]. The release of cytochrome ''c'' into the cytoplasm is associated with apoptosis. Cytochrome ''c'' is applied in [[HRR]] to test the integrity of the [[mitochondrial outer membrane]] ([[cytochrome c control efficiency]]).[[cytochrome c control efficiency]]).)
D-number + ('''D number''' is the unique code given fo … '''D number''' is the unique code given for each [[SUIT]] protocol. In the same [[MitoPedia: SUIT |SUIT protocol]] family (SUIT-###), there might be different protocols, specifically designed for different [[sample]] type (''e.g.'', different [[mitochondrial preparations]]) or for different applications (''e.g.'', O2, [[AmR]], [[Mitochondrial membrane potential|Fluo]], [[MgG]]). Since the use of different kinds of sample or application may result in slightly different steps, each protocol receives a different D-number.ch protocol receives a different D-number.)
Run DL-Protocol/Set O2 limit + ('''DL-Protocols''' (DLP) can be selected i … '''DL-Protocols''' (DLP) can be selected in DatLab 7 in the pull-down menu 'Protocol': Set DL-Protocol / O2 limit. A DL-Protocol defines the sequence of [[Events - DatLab |Events]] and [[Marks - DatLab |Marks]] and can be assigned to O2k-Chamber A or B, or both. Linked to DL-Protocols are templates for storing exported data in a database and for data analysis. Instrumental DL-Protocols are used for calibrations and instrumental quality control, without experimental sample in the incubation medium. DL-Protocols for [[substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration]] (SUIT) provide a guide through a sequence of [[coupling-control state]]s and [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s. A [[MitoPedia:_SUIT|library]] of evaluated and tested standard DL-Protocols is provided by the Oroboros team. The Titration-Injection-microPump [[TIP2k]] can be programmed for automatic control of titration steps in a DL-Protocol. In DatLab 7.4, it is possible to edit a DL-Protocol and save it as a [[Export_DL-Protocol_User_(*.DLPU)| user-specific DL-Protocol]] (*.DLPU). For more information, see: [[Enable DL-Protocol editing]]. A '''Lower O2 limit [µM]''' can be defined for each chamber, to trigger an automatic warning when the experimental O2 concentration declines below this limit as a WARNING to remind the user that re-oxygenation of the medium may be required.ser that re-oxygenation of the medium may be required.)
DTPA + ('''DTPA''' (Diethylenetriamine-N,N,N',N,N- … '''DTPA''' (Diethylenetriamine-N,N,N',N,N-pentaacetic acid, pentetic acid,(Carboxymethyl)imino]bis(ethylenenitrilo)-tetra-acetic acid) is a polyaminopolycarboxylic acid (like EDTA) chelator of metal cations. DTPA wraps around a metal ion by forming up to eight bounds, because each COO- group and and N-center serves a center for chelation. With transition metals the number of bounds is less than eight. The compound is not cell membrane permeable. In general, it chelates multivalent ions stronger than EDTA.lates multivalent ions stronger than EDTA.)
O2k control (active) + ('''DatLab 8''': Change settings of the connected O2k and current measurement. '''DatLab 7''' : to modify instrumental settings: [[O2k control - DatLab 7 | O2k control]]; to modify settings of specific channels: [[O2k configuration]].)
Quit - DatLab + ('''DatLab 8''': Close DatLab files and '''quit''' the program. '''DatLab 7''' : [[Exit - DatLab 7 | Exit]])
Connect - DatLab + ('''DatLab 8''': Connect DatLab to the O2k. '''DatLab 7''' : [[Connect to O2k - DatLab 7 | Connect to O2k]])
Data labels and units + ('''DatLab 8''': Display and edit default data labels and units for different channels. [[File:Datalabels.png|right|450px]] '''DatLab 7''' : [[O2k channel labels - DatLab 7 | O2k channel labels]].)
Sample and medium - DatLab + ('''DatLab 8''': In the window '''Sample an … '''DatLab 8''': In the window '''Sample and medium''', information is entered and displayed for the sample and medium. Entries can be edited any time during the experiment or during post-experiment analysis. All related results are recalculated instantaneously with the new parameters. The window can be opened whenever a file is loaded or currently recorded.'''DatLab 7''': [[Sample - DatLab 7 | Sample]][[Sample - DatLab 7 | Sample]])
Set Power O2k number - DatLab + ('''DatLab 8''': Set a [[Power O2k Numbers | Power-O2k number]] to label the O2k in a Power O2k-Lab. '''DatLab 7''' : Set the Power-O2k number in the [[O2k configuration]] window.)
DatLab templates + ('''DatLab templates''' can be imported for O2k-setups, graph layouts, mark names, TIP2k setups and marks statistics configurations. :::: See also » [[Manage setups and templates - DatLab|Manage setups and templates]])
DatLab-Upgrading\4.x-5.2 + ('''DatLab-Upgrading\4.1-5.2''': Upgrading DatLab 4.x to 5.2, incl. O2k-Manual, with free follow-up updates of DatLab 5.2. '''Discontinued''': see higher [[DatLab]] version.)
DataCite + ('''DataCite''' is a global community of or … '''DataCite''' is a global community of organizations and researchers identifying and citing research outputs and resources. We provide services to create persistent records of research, enable discovery and reuse, and support workflows throughout the research lifecycle.rkflows throughout the research lifecycle.)

('''DataCite''' is a global community of organizations and researchers id)

Dead cells + ('''Dead cells''' dce are characterized by the loss of plasma membrane barrier function. The total cell count (''N''ce) is the sum of viable cells (''N''vce) and dead cells (''N''dce).)
Density + ('''Density''', mass density ''ρ'' = ''m''· … '''Density''', mass density ''ρ'' = ''m''·''V''-1 [kg·m-3], is mass ''m'' divided by volume ''V''. Surface density ''ρ''A = ''m''·''A''-1 [kg·m-2] ([[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI) |SI]]). For a pure [[sample]] S, the mass density ''ρ''S = ''m''S·''V''S-1 [kg·m-3] is the [[mass]] ''m'' of pure sample S per [[volume]] ''V''S of the pure sample. With density ''ρ'' thus defined, the 'amount density' of substance B is ''ρ''B = ''n''B·''V''B-1 [mol·m-3]. This is not a commonly used expression, but the inverse is defined as the [[molar volume]] of a pure substance ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |IUPAC]]), ''V''m,B = ''V''B·''n''B-1 [m3·mol-1]. The pure sample is a pure gas, pure liquid or pure solid of a defined elementary entity. The amount [[concentration]], ''c''B = ''n''B·''V''-1 [mol·m-3] is the amount ''n''B of substance B divided by the volume ''V'' of the mixture ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |IUPAC]]), and this is not called an 'amount density'. The term 'amount density' is reserved for an amount of substance per volume ''V''S of the pure substance. This explicit distinction between 'density' related to the volume of the ''sample'' and 'concentration' related to the total volume of the ''mixture'' is very helpful to avoid confusion. Further clarification is required in cases, when the mass density ''ρ''s of the sample in the mixture differs from the mass density ''ρ''S of the pure sample before mixing. Think of a sample S of pure ethanol with a volume of 1 L at 25 °C, which is mixed with a volume of 1 L of pure water at 25 °C: after the temperature of the mixture has equilibrated to 25 °C, the total volume of the mixture is less than 2 L, such that the volume ''V''S of 1 L pure ethanol has diminished to a smaller volume ''V''s of ethanol in the mixture; the density of ethanol in the mixture is higher than the density of pure ethanol (this is incomplete [[additivity]]). The volume ''V''s of sample s in a mixture is by definition smaller than the total volume ''V'' of the mixture. Sample volume ''V''S and system volume ''V'' are identical, but this applies only to the case of a ''pure'' sample. ''Concentration'' is related to samples s per total volume ''V'' of the mixture, whereas ''density'' is related to samples S or s per volume ''V''S = ''V'' or ''V''s < ''V'', respectively ([[BEC 2020.1]]).)
Derivative spectroscopy + ('''Derivative spectroscopy''' can be used … '''Derivative spectroscopy''' can be used to eliminate interfering artefacts or species. A first order derivative will remove a constant background [[absorbance]] across the spectral range. A second order derivative spectrum will remove a species whose absorbance is linearly dependent upon the wavelength, etc..early dependent upon the wavelength, etc..)
Diapause + ('''Diapause''' is a preprogrammed form of … '''Diapause''' is a preprogrammed form of developmental arrest that allows animals to survive harsh environmental conditions and may also allow populations to synchronize periods of growth and reproduction with periods of optimal temperatures and adequate water and food. Diapause is ''endogenously'' controlled, and this dormancy typically begins well before conditions become too harsh to support normal growth and development [1,2]. » [[Diapause#Diapause versus quiescence| '''MiPNet article''']][Diapause#Diapause versus quiescence| '''MiPNet article''']])
Diffraction gratings + ('''Diffraction gratings''' are [[dispersion devices]] … '''Diffraction gratings''' are [[dispersion devices]] that are made from glass etched with fine grooves, spaced at the same order of magnitude as the wavelength of the light to be dispersed, and then coated with aluminium to reflect the light to the photodiode array. '''Diffraction gratings''' reflect the light in different orders and [[filters]] need to be incorporated to prevent overlapping.to be incorporated to prevent overlapping.)
Digitonin + ('''Digitonin''' is a mild detergent that p … '''Digitonin''' is a mild detergent that permeabilizes plasma membranes selectively due to their high cholesterol content, whereas mt-membranes with lower cholesterol content are affected only at higher concentrations. Digitonin is a natural product and thus the effective concentration has to be determined by titrations for every batch. The optimum effective digitonin concentrations for complete plasma membrane permeabilization of cultured cells can be determined directly in a respirometric protocol (see: [[SUIT-010 O2 ce-pce D008]]).[[SUIT-010 O2 ce-pce D008]]).)
Dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase + ('''Dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase''' is an … '''Dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase''' is an electron transfer complex of the inner mitochondrial membrane, converting dihydro-orotate (Dho) into orotate, and linking electron transfer through the [[Q-junction]] to pyrimidine synthesis and thus to the control of biogenesis.sis and thus to the control of biogenesis.)
Dihydroethidium + ('''Dihydroethidium''' (also called hydroet … '''Dihydroethidium''' (also called hydroethidine) is a cell permeant fluorescent probe used to analyse superoxide presence. It is a reduced form of ethidium that presents blue fluorescence, and after oxidation by superoxide becomes able to intercalate DNA and emits red fluorescence (excitation wavelength ~518–535 nm, emission ~605–610 nm). It has been used to detect superoxide by HPLC and by fluorescence microscopy.de by HPLC and by fluorescence microscopy.)
Dimension + ('''Dimensions''' are defined in the SI {'' … '''Dimensions''' are defined in the SI {''Quote''}: Physical quantities can be organized in a system of dimensions, where the system used is decided by convention. Each of the seven base quantities used in the SI is regarded as having its own dimension. .. All other quantities, with the exception of [[count]]s, are derived quantities, which may be written in terms of base quantities according to the equations of physics. The dimensions of the derived quantities are written as products of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities using the equations that relate the derived quantities to the base quantities.There are quantities ''Q'' for which the defining equation is such that all of the dimensional exponents in the equation for the dimension of ''Q'' are zero. This is true in particular for any quantity that is defined as the ratio of two quantities of the same kind. .. There are also some quantities that cannot be described in terms of the seven base quantities of the SI, but have the nature of a [[count]]. Examples are a number of molecules, a number of cellular or biomolecular entities (for example copies of a particular nucleic acid sequence), or degeneracy in quantum mechanics. Counting quantities are also quantities with the associated unit one. {''end of Quote'': p 136, [[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI)]]}[[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI)]]})
Dimethyl sulfoxide + ('''Dimethyl sulfoxide''' is a polar aproti … '''Dimethyl sulfoxide''' is a polar aprotic solvent that dissolves both polar and nonpolar compounds and is miscible in a wide range of organic solvents as well as water. DMSO may also be used as a cryoprotectant, added to cell media to reduce ice formation and thereby prevent cell death during the freezing process.nt cell death during the freezing process.)
Dinitrochlorobenzene + ('''Dinitrochlorobenzene (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene)''' (DNCB) is a glutathione (GSH) inhibitor.)
Disconnect - DatLab + ('''Disconnect''' DatLab 8 from the O2k. This option is not available while recording a measurement ([[Stop measurement]] first). '''DatLab 7''' : [[Save and Disconnect]])
Display DatLab help + ('''Display DatLab help''' In this section … '''Display DatLab help'''In this section, we present some issues that could happen during your data analysis related to the graphs display and how to fix them quickly.Case in which an issue might occur:::* While analysing your data, trying to close the program while the graph is still being loaded. If you cancel the closing window, the graph will not be loaded at the screen.In the event of a frozen display of the graphs, try the alternatives below:::* Click on: Graph > Autoscale time axis::* Click on: Graph > Scaling (F6); then press OK to confirm the scaling and induce the program to reload the graphs (no changes in the graphs are required). graphs (no changes in the graphs are required).)
Dyscoupled respiration + ('''Dyscoupled respiration''' is [[LEAK respiration]] … '''Dyscoupled respiration''' is [[LEAK respiration]] distinguished from intrinsically (physiologically) uncoupled and from extrinsic experimentally [[Uncoupler|uncoupled]] respiration as an indication of extrinsic uncoupling (pathological, toxicological, pharmacological by agents that are not specifically applied to induce uncoupling, but are tested for their potential dyscoupling effect). Dyscoupling indicates a mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition to intrinsic uncoupling, dyscoupling occurs under pathological and toxicological conditions. Thus a distinction is made between physiological uncoupling and pathologically defective dyscoupling in mitochondrial respiration. dyscoupling in mitochondrial respiration.)
Ectotherms + ('''Ectotherms''' are organisms whose body temperatures conform to the thermal environment. In many cases, therefore, ectotherms are [[poicilotherms | poicilothermic]].)
Editorial board participation + ('''Editorial board participation''' is a topic addressed in [[COPE core practices for research]].)
Electric current density + ('''Electric current density''' is [[current]] divided by area, ''j''=''I''·''A''-1 [C·m-2]. Compare: [[density]].)
Electron flow + ('''Electron flow''' through the mitochondr … '''Electron flow''' through the mitochondrial [[Electron transfer pathway]] (ET-pahway) is the scalar component of chemical reactions in oxidative phosphorylation ([[OXPHOS]]). Electron flow is most conveniently measured as oxygen consumption (oxygraphic measurement of [[oxygen flow]]), with four electrons being taken up when oxygen (O2) is reduced to water.xygen (O2) is reduced to water.)
Electron-transferring flavoprotein Complex + ('''Electron-transferring flavoprotein Comp … '''Electron-transferring flavoprotein Complex''' (CETF) is a respiratory Complex localized at the matrix face of the inner mitochondrial membrane, supplies electrons to Q, and is thus an enzyme Complex of the mitochondrial [[Electron transfer pathway]] (ET-pathway). CETF links the ß-oxidation cycle with the membrane-bound electron transfer system in [[fatty acid oxidation]] (FAO).[fatty acid oxidation]] (FAO).)
Electronic-TIP2k Upgrading\O2k-Main Unit Series A-D + ('''Electronic-TIP2k Upgrading\O2k-Main Unit Series A-D - Former Product ''': not required for [[O2k-Core]], the [[O2k-Main Unit]] has to be returned to the OROBOROS workshop.)
Electronic-TIP2k Upgrading\O2k-Main Unit Series E + ('''Electronic-TIP2k Upgrading\O2k-Main Uni … '''Electronic-TIP2k Upgrading\O2k-Main Unit Series E - Former Series ''': not required for [[O2k-Core]], free of charge for Series E in conjunction with the purchase of the [[TIP2k-Module]], the [[O2k-Main Unit]] has to be returned to the OROBOROS workshop.s to be returned to the OROBOROS workshop.)
Enable DL-Protocol editing + ('''Enable DL-Protocol editing''' is a nove … '''Enable DL-Protocol editing''' is a novel function of DatLab 7.4 offering a new feature in DL-Protocols: flexibility. Fixed sequences of events and marks can be changed (Skip/Added) in a SUIT protocol by the user. Moreover, the text, instructions, concentrations and titration volumes of injections in a specific DL-Protocol can be edited and saved as [[Export_DL-Protocol_User_(*.DLPU)| user-specific DL-Protocol]] [File]\Export\DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU). To enable it, under the 'Protocols' tab in the menu, select the option 'Enable DL-Protocol editing', and then select the plot in which the marks will be set (''e.g.,'' O2 flux per V). Select the 'Overview' window, where you will be able to edit events and marks names, definition/state, final concentration and titration volumes, as well as select a mark as 'multi' for multiple titration steps, skip a mark, or add a new event or mark. After saving, [[Export_DL-Protocol_User_(*.DLPU)|export a DL-Protocol User (DLPU)]] and load it before running the next experiments. If users of DatLab versions older than DatLab 7.4 wish to alter the nature of the chemicals used or the sequence of injections, we ask them to [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/o2k-technical-support/ contact the O2k-Technical Support].For more information:[[Image:PlayVideo.jpg|50px|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vd66dHx-MyI]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vd66dHx-MyI Export DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU)]6dHx-MyI Export DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU)])
Endergonic + ('''Endergonic''' transformations or proces … '''Endergonic''' transformations or processes can proceed in the forward direction only by coupling to an [[exergonic]] process with a driving force more negative than the positive force of the endergonic process. The backward direction of an endergonic process is exergonic. The distinction between endergonic and [[endothermic]] processes is at the heart of [[ergodynamics]], emphasising the concept of [[exergy]] changes, linked to the performance of [[work]], in contrast to [[enthalpy]] changes, linked to [[heat]] or thermal processes, the latter expression being terminologically linked to ''thermodynamics''.inologically linked to ''thermodynamics''.)
Endothermy + ('''Endothermy''' is the constant regulation of body temperature by metabolic heat production and control of heat exchange with the environment.)
Energy saving in research + ('''Energy saving in research''' must rank … '''Energy saving in research''' must rank as a priority of social responsibility — ever since the [[Club of Rome]] published 50 years ago the seminal book on ''The limits to growth'' (1972) [1], and more so today in face of the global threat of climate change and the russian war in aggression against Ukraine.Energy saving in research does not and must not clash with quality in research. Application of high-quality and predefined [[MitoPedia: SUIT |experimental protocols]] combined with evaluation of [[Replica |repeatability]] and [[Repetitions |reproducibility]] represents primary strategies for energy saving in research. Publication of irreproducible results — adding to the [[reproducibility crisis]] — is the most wasteful aspect of research in terms of resources including [[energy]] (more properly: [[exergy]]). [[Paywall journalism]] is wasteful in terms of financial resources. Dramatically increasing numbers of scientific publications is a pathway towards waste of energy [2]. Besides large-scale strategies on e(n)xergy saving in research — quality versus quantity —, everybody's everyday contributions to energy saving count: to cut greenhouse gas emissions, save biological and geological diversity, and improve equality across societies, gender, continents, and countries.Do scientists take responsibility for energy saving? Or does biomedical research merely find excuses? Scientific institutions in academia and industry must implement energy saving strategies to reduce waste according to the European Union's [https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive_en Energy efficiency directive], and to consume less energy (exergy) by using it more efficiently ([https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-targets_en Energy efficiency targets]).Possible — important but much neglected — contributions include:* Re-use materials as a superior strategy than recycling, and reduce application of disposable items.* Reduce waste in cleaning procedures, but do not compromise the [[MiPNet19.03 O2k-cleaning and ISS |quality of cleaning procedures]].* Replace inefficient equipment (e.g. water baths) by efficient electronic [[O2k-Peltier Temperature Control |Peltier temperature control]].* Select conferences that you attend by evaluating their 'green deal' strategy. Combine in a single trip participation in a conference and possibly offered satellite events.* Turn off non-essential equipment; reduce energy-wasting stand-by modes; turn off computer screens and other equipment at the mains when not in use. The monitor consumes over half of the energy used by the average computer. Lower your screen brightness.* Turn off the lights when you do not gain from extra illumination, when you leave the lab during the day or at the end of every day.* Reduce heating of the rooms to 19 °C, cooling of rooms to 25 °C. Apply energy-efficient heating and cooling strategies.* Define your personal energy saving targets at homeoffice and in your workplace.* Contact your energy quality manager, to suggest improvement of infrastructure and guidelines that help you and other members in the team to comply with energy saving targets.team to comply with energy saving targets.)
Enthalpy + ('''Enthalpy''', ''H'' [J], can under condi … '''Enthalpy''', ''H'' [J], can under conditions of constant gas pressure neither be destroyed nor created (first law of thermodynamics: di''H''/d''t'' = 0). The distinction between enthalpy and [[internal-energy]] of a system is due to external pressure-volume [[work]] carried out reversibly at constant gas pressure. The enthalpy change of the system, d''H'', at constant pressure, is the internal-energy change, d''U'', minus reversible pressure-volume work, d''H'' = d''U'' - d''V''''W''Pressure-volume work, d''V''''W'', at constant pressure, is the gas pressure, ''p'' [Pa = J·m-3], times change of volume, d''V'' [m3], d''V''''W'' = -''p''·d''V'' [J]The ''available'' work, de''W'', is distinguished from external total work, det''W'', [1] de''W'' = det''W'' - d''V''''W''The change of enthalpy of a system is due to internal and external changes, d''H'' = di''H'' + de''H''Since di''H'' = 0 (first law of thermodynamics), the d''H'' is balanced by exchange of heat, work, and matter, d''H'' = (de''Q'' + de''W'') + dmat''H'' ; d''p'' = 0 The exchange of matter is expressed in enthalpy equivalents with respect to a [[reference state]] (formation, f, or combustion, c). The value of d''H'' in an open system, therefore, depends on the arbitrary choice of the reference state. In contrast, the terms in parentheses are the sum of all (total, t) partial energy transformations, dt''H'' = (de''Q'' + de''W'')A partial enthalpy change of transformation, dtr''H'', is distinguished from the total enthalpy change of all transformations, dt''H'', and from the enthalpy change of the system, d''H''. In a closed system, d''H'' = dt''H''. The enthalpy change of transformation is the sum of the [[Gibbs energy]] (free energy) change of transformation, dtr''G'', and the [[bound energy]] change of transformation at constant temperature and pressure, dtr''B'' = ''T''·d''S'', dtr''H'' = dtr''G'' + dtr''B''bound energy]] change of transformation at constant temperature and pressure, dtr''B'' = ''T''·d''S'', dtr''H'' = dtr''G'' + dtr''B'')
Ethics on publishing + ('''Ethics on publishing''' follow [https:/ … '''Ethics on publishing''' follow [https://publicationethics.org/core-practices COPE's guidelines] (or equivalent). A journal's policy on publishing ethics should be clearly visible on its website, and should refer to: (1) Journal policies on authorship and contributorship; (2) How the journal will handle complaints and appeals; (3) Journal policies on conflicts of interest / competing interests; (4) Journal policies on data sharing and reproducibility; (5) Journal's policy on ethical oversight; (6) Journal's policy on intellectual property; and (7) Journal's options for post-publication discussions and corrections.t-publication discussions and corrections.)
Ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid + ('''Ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid''' (EGTA) is a chelator for heavy metals, with high affinity for Ca2+ but low affinity for Mg2+. Sigma E 4378.)
Etomoxir + ('''Etomoxir''' (Eto; 2[6(4-chlorophenoxy)h … '''Etomoxir''' (Eto; 2[6(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate) is an irreversible inhibitor of [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase I]] (CPT-I) on the outer face of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Eto inhibits [[fatty acid oxidation]] by blocking the formation of acyl carnitines from long-chain fatty acids which require the carnitine shuttle for transport into mitochondria. In contrast to long-chain fatty acids, the transport of short- and medium-chain fatty acids is carnitine-independent.hain fatty acids is carnitine-independent.)
Exergonic + ('''Exergonic''' transformations or process … '''Exergonic''' transformations or processes can spontaneously proceed in the forward direction, entailing the irreversible loss of the potential to performe [[work]] (''erg'') with the implication of a positive internal [[entropy production]]. [[Ergodynamic equilibrium]] is obtained when an exergonic (partial) process is compensated by a coupled [[endergonic]] (partial) process, such that the Gibbs energy change of the total transformation is zero. Final [[thermodynamic equilibrium]] is reached when all exergonic processes are exhausted and all [[force]]s are zero. The backward direction of an exergonic process is endergonic. The distinction between exergonic and [[exothermic]] processes is at the heart of [[ergodynamics]], emphasising the concept of [[exergy]] changes, linked to the performance of [[work]], in contrast to [[enthalpy]] changes, linked to [[heat]] or thermal processes, the latter expression being terminologically linked to ''thermo''dynamics.inologically linked to ''thermo''dynamics.)
Exergy + ('''Exergy''' includes external and interna … '''Exergy''' includes external and internal [[work]]. Exergy as the external work is defined in the First Law of thermodynamics as a specific form of [[energy]]. Exergy as the dissipated Gibbs or Helmholtz energy is the irreversibly dissipated (internal) loss of the potential of performing work as defined in the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Changes of exergy d''G'' plus [[bound energy]] yield the [[enthalpy]] change: d''H'' = d''G'' + ''T''∙d''S'' = d''G'' + d''B'' = d''G'' + ''T''∙d''S'' = d''G'' + d''B'')
Experimental log - DatLab + ('''Experimental log''' provides an automat … '''Experimental log''' provides an automatically generated experimental protocol with detailed information about the O2k settings and calibrations, the [[Sample - DatLab|Sample]] information and various [[Events - DatLab |Events]]. Time-dependent information can be viewed for a single chamber or both chambers. The filter can be selected for viewing minimum information, intermittent by default, or all information. The experimental log can be viewed and saved as a PDF file by clicking on [Preview].ed as a PDF file by clicking on [Preview].)
Export as CSV - DatLab + ('''Export as CSV''' (*.csv) exports plots and events to a text file for further use in Excel and other programs compatible with .csv extension.)
Extensive quantity + ('''Extensive quantities''' pertain to a to … '''Extensive quantities''' pertain to a total system, e.g. [[oxygen flow]]. An extensive quantity increases proportional with system size. The magnitude of an extensive quantity is completely additive for non-interacting subsystems, such as mass or flow expressed per defined system. The magnitude of these quantities depends on the extent or size of the system ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |Cohen et al 2008]]).[[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |Cohen et al 2008]]).)
External flow + ('''External flows''' across the system boundaries are formally reversible. Their irreversible facet is accounted for internally as transformations in a heterogenous system ([[internal flow]]s, ''I''i).)
Extinction + ('''Extinction''' is a synonym for [[absorbance]].)
Extrinsic fluorophores + ('''Extrinsic fluorophores''' are molecules … '''Extrinsic fluorophores''' are molecules labelled with a fluorescent dye (as opposed to intrinsic fluorescence or autofluorescence of molecules which does not require such labelling). They are available for a wide range of parameters including ROS (H2O2, [[Amplex red]]) (HOO-, MitoSOX) , mitochondrial membrane potential ([[Safranin]], JC1, [[TMRM]], [[Rhodamine 123]]), Ca2+ ([[Fura2]], Indo 1, [[Calcium Green]]), pH (Fluorescein, HPTS, SNAFL-1), Mg2+ ([[Magnesium Green]]) and redox state (roGFP).[[Magnesium Green]]) and redox state (roGFP).)
F1000Research + ('''F1000Research''' is an Open Research pu … '''F1000Research''' is an Open Research publishing platform for life scientists, offering immediate publication of articles and other research outputs without editorial bias. All articles benefit from transparent peer review and the inclusion of all source data. It is thus not a preprint server, but posters and slides can be published without author fees. Published posters and slides receive a DOI ([[digital object identifier]]) and become citable after a very basic check by our in-house editors. very basic check by our in-house editors.)
FADH2 + ('''FADH2''' and '''FAD''': see [[Flavin adenine dinucleotide]].)
FCCP + ('''FCCP''' (Carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoro-m … '''FCCP''' (Carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoro-methoxyphenyl hydrazone, C10H5F3N4O) is a protonophore or [[uncoupler]]: added at uncoupler concentration U''c''; ''c'' is the [[optimum uncoupler concentration]] in titrations to obtain maximum mitochondrial respiration in the [[noncoupled respiration|noncoupled]] state of [[ET capacity]].[[ET capacity]].)
Fatty acid oxidation + ('''Fatty acid oxidation''' is a multi-step … '''Fatty acid oxidation''' is a multi-step process by which [[fatty acid]]s are broken down in [[β-oxidation]] to generate acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH2 for further electron transfer to CoQ. Whereas NADH is the substrate of CI, FADH2 is the substrate of [[electron-transferring flavoprotein complex]] (CETF) which is localized on the matrix face of the mtIM, and supplies electrons from FADH2 to CoQ. Before the ß-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix, fatty acids (short-chain with 1-6, medium-chain with 7–12, long-chain with >12 carbon atoms) are activated by fatty acyl-CoA synthases (thiokinases) in the cytosol. For the mitochondrial transport of long-chain fatty acids the mtOM-enzyme [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase I]] (CPT-1; considered as a rate-limiting step in FAO) is required which generates an acyl-carnitine intermediate from acyl-CoA and carnitine. In the next step, an integral mtIM protein [[carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase]] (CACT) catalyzes the entrance of acyl-carnitines into the mitochondrial matrix in exchange for free carnitines. In the inner side of the mtIM, another enzyme [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2]] (CPT-2) converts the acyl-carnitines to carnitine and acyl-CoAs, which undergo ß-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids do not require the carnitine shuttle for mitochondrial transport. [[Octanoate]], but not [[palmitate]], (eight- and 16-carbon saturated fatty acids) may pass the mt-membranes, but both are frequently supplied to mt-preparations in the activated form of [[octanoylcarnitine]] or [[palmitoylcarnitine]].mitoylcarnitine]].)
Fatty acid + ('''Fatty acids''' are carboxylic acids wit … '''Fatty acids''' are carboxylic acids with a carbon aliphatic chain. The fatty acids can be divided by the length of this chain, being considered as short-chain (1–6 carbons), medium-chain (7–12 carbons) and long-chain and very long-chain fatty acids (>12 carbons).Long-chain fatty acids must be bound to [[Carnitine|carnitine]] to enter the mitochondrial matrix, in a reaction that can be catalysed by [[Carnitine acyltransferase|carnitine acyltransferase]]. For this reason, long-chain fatty acids, such as [[Palmitate|palmitate]] (16 carbons) is frequently supplied to mt-preparations in the activated form of [[Palmitoylcarnitine|palmitoylcarnitine]].Fatty acids with shorter chains, as [[Octanoate|octanoate]] (8 carbons) may enter the mitochondrial matrix, however, in HRR they are more frequently supplied also in the activated form, such as [[Octanoylcarnitine|octanoylcarnitine]].Once in the mitochondrial matrix, the [[Fatty acid oxidation|fatty acid oxidation]] (FAO) occurs, generating acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH2. In the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state|fatty acid oxidation pathway control state]] electrons are fed into the [[F-junction]] involving the [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF). FAO cannot proceed without a substrate combination of fatty acids & malate, and inhibition of CI blocks FAO. Low concentration of [[malate]], typically 0.1 mM, does not saturate the [[N-pathway]]; but saturates the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state |F-pathway]].tty acid oxidation pathway control state |F-pathway]].)
Fermentation + ('''Fermentation''' is the process of [[energy metabolism]] … '''Fermentation''' is the process of [[energy metabolism]] used to supply ATP, where redox balance is maintained with internally produced electron acceptors (such as pyruvate or fumarate), without the use of external electron acceptors (such as O2). Fermentation thus contrasts with [[cell respiration]] and is an [[anaerobic]] process, but aerobic fermentation may proceed in the presence of oxygen.ic fermentation may proceed in the presence of oxygen.)
File search - DatLab + ('''File search''' yields a list of all fil … '''File search''' yields a list of all files labelled by the experimental code in a selected directory . Click on the file to preview the experimental log. With '''File Search''' you can search in all folders and subfolders on your computer for DatLab files with a selected experimental code. The experimental code is entered in the DatLab file in the window "Experiment" ([F3]). When you click on a folder and press the button search, the DatLab file names will appear on the right window. Click on a DatLab file and further information (e.g. Sample information, Background information) will appear in the window below.ormation) will appear in the window below.)
Filters + ('''Filters''' are materials that have wave … '''Filters''' are materials that have wavelength-dependent transmission characteristics. They are can be used to select the wavelength range of the light emerging from a [[light source]], or the range entering the [[detector]], having passed through the sample. In particular they are used in [[fluorometry]] to exclude wavelengths greater than the excitation wavelength from reaching the sample, preventing absorption interfering with the emitted [[fluorescence]]. Standard '''filters''' can also be used for calibrating purposes.can also be used for calibrating purposes.)
Flavin adenine dinucleotide + ('''Flavin adenine dinucleotide''', FAD and … '''Flavin adenine dinucleotide''', FAD and FADH2, is an oxidation-reduction [[prosthetic group]] (redox cofactor; compare [[NADH]]). FMN and FAD are the prosthetic groups of flavoproteins (flavin dehydrogenases). [[Electron-transfer-pathway state |Type F substrates]] (fatty acids) generate FADH2, the substrate of [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF). Thus FADH2 forms a junction or funnel of electron transfer to CETF, the [[F-junction]] (compare [[N-junction]], [[Q-junction]]), in the [[F-pathway control state]]. In contrast, FADH2 is not the substrate but the internal product of [[succinate dehydrogenase]] (CII). FAD is the oxidized (quinone) form, which is reduced to FADH2 (hydroquinone form) by accepting two electrons and two protons.educed to FADH2 (hydroquinone form) by accepting two electrons and two protons.)
Flavonoids + ('''Flavonoids''' are a group of bioactive … '''Flavonoids''' are a group of bioactive polyphenols with potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, abundant in fruits and vegetables, and in some medicinal herbs. Flavonoids are synthesized in plants from phenylalanine. Dietary intake of flavonoids as nutraceuticals is discussed for targeting T2D and other degenerative diseases.eting T2D and other degenerative diseases.)
Fluorescence + ('''Fluorescence''' is the name given to li … '''Fluorescence''' is the name given to light emitted by a substance when it is illuminated (excited) by light at a shorter wavelength. The [[incident light]] causes an electron transition to a higher energy band in the molecules. The electron then spontaneously returns to its original energy state emitting a photon. The intensity of the emitted light is proportional to the concentration of the substance. Fluorescence is one form of [[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.[[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.)
Fluorometry + ('''Fluorometry''' (or [[fluorimetry]]) is the general term given to the method of measuring the fluorescent emission of a substance following excitation by light at a shorter wavelength.)
Flux / Slope + ('''Flux / Slope''' is the time derivative … '''Flux / Slope''' is the time derivative of the signal. In [[DatLab]], Flux / Slope is the name of the pull-down menu for (1) normalization of flux (chamber volume-specific flux, sample-specific flux or flow, or flux control ratios), (2) [[flux baseline correction]], (3) [[Instrumental background oxygen flux]], and (4) [[flux smoothing]], selection of the [[scaling factor]], and stoichiometric normalization using a stoichiometric coefficient.Before changing the normalization of flux from volume-specific flux to sample-specific flux or flow, or flux control ratios, please be sure to use the standard Layout 04a (Flux per volume) or 04b (Flux per volume overlay). When starting with the instrumental standard Layouts 1-3, which display the O2 slope negative, the sample-specific flux or flow, or flux control ratios will not be automatically background corrected. To obtain the background corrected specific flux or flux control ratios, it is needed to tick the background correction in the lower part of the slope configuration window. Background correction is especially critical when performing measurements in a high oxygen regime or using samples with a low respiratory flux or flow.mples with a low respiratory flux or flow.)